The theory of Rational Addiction

The Theory of Rational Addictions, by Gary Becker & Kevin Murphy (1988), was a rational choice model that became a standard tool for economists modeling addictive behavior. The approach differs from other theories of addiction by modeling addictive behavior as the gradual implementation of a rational, forward‐looking plan, where consumption at any point in time is partly motivated by the immediate payoff of consumption and partly by the effects this consumption has on the individual in the future. This makes addictive behavior a subset of rational behavior, requiring no more specific government policies or attention than any other consumption choice. Later work by economists extended the theory in different ways, allowing it to match an increasing number of consumption patterns, and searched for ways to test the forward‐looking assumption in different types of market data. While the work was successful as a contribution to rational choice theory, with possible statistical applications, there are several reasons to dismiss its usefulness as an explanation of real‐world addictive behavior and its ability to assess the welfare effects of addictions.     

大学生网络成瘾影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨大学生网络成瘾的影响因素,为预防和控制网络成瘾的发生提供科学的依据。方法整群抽取南京市部分高校18～25岁大学生共761名作为研究对象,采用美国匹兹堡大学K-S-Young编制的临床诊断问卷进行现场问卷调查,对测验结果进行统计,对网络成瘾的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果大学生网络成瘾的检出率为10．6％;男生为19．2％,女生为4.0％,男生高于女生,差异有统计学意义（X^2=45．779,p〈0．01）;各年级之间比较,差异有统计学意义（X^2=24．659,p〈0．01）。网络成瘾及其倾向与性别、年级、与父母沟通的程度、学习成绩、平均每周上网时间、缺课上网有关联。结论大学生中网络成瘾状况值得重视,必须针对相关因素采取有效的预防和控制措施。     

RESOLVING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL AND DRUG MISUSE: UNDERSTANDING RELATIONS BETWEEN ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR CHANGE AND THE USE OF SERVICES

“Natural resolutions” highlight how influences on addictive behavior change may differ from and interact with influences on the use of substance-related services. These distinct literatures are summarized and implicate extra-therapeutic environmental variables in both processes. Whether assisted by interventions or not, stable resolutions are surrounded by environmental contexts characterized by improved circumstances across several years that bracket cessation of substance misuse. Psychosocial problems associated with substance use increase help-seeking, and interventions enhance improvements that typically follow initial resolution. Implications for promoting help-seeking and behavior change and necessary revisions in conventional views about relations between the processes are discussed. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts section of this issue.]     

An overview of problematic Internet use

Problematic Internet use (PIU), which has become a global social issue, can be broadly conceptualized as an inability to control one's use of the Internet which leads to negative consequences in daily life. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the gradually evolving body of literature on PIU. This shows that the definitions and diagnostic criteria that have been proposed, and the assessment tools that have been developed, stress similarities between PIU, addictive behaviours and impulse-control disorders. Disagreements regarding diagnostic criteria and the lack of large epidemiological studies have resulted in difficulties in establishing the prevalence of PIU in the general population. Studies suggest high comorbidity rates between PIU and numerous psychiatric disorders highlighting the importance of focusing on comorbidity in treatment. There is growing evidence that genetic, personality and individual differences in automatic and controlled aspects of self-regulation may promote the development of PIU. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments specific to PIU have received limited testing in large, rigorous studies however preliminary evidence suggests that both psychotropic medications (Escitalopram, Naltrexone and Methylphenidate) and cognitive behaviour therapy may have some utility in the treatment of PIU. More research is needed on areas which remain unclear and contribute to the prognosis of PIU, in particular the temporal relationships between psychiatric disorder and PIU, mechanisms of comorbidity and the more subtle psychological changes that occur through Internet use.     

多磺酸粘多糖治疗面部激素依赖性皮炎临床观察

目的：评价多磺酸粘多糖与丁酸氢化可的松治疗面部激素依赖性皮炎的疗效和安全性。方法：选择轻中度面部激素依赖性皮炎患者98例,随机分为外用多磺酸粘多糖（治疗组）和外用丁酸氢化可的松（对照组）,外用药物为每天外涂2次,连用4周停用外用药物,评价疗效和不良反应。在停药后的第4周观察复发情况,记录复发率。结果：共83例患者完成治疗随访,其中治疗组45例,对照组38例;有效率治疗组为71.11%,对照组为76.32%,两组差异无显著性（P>0.05）;不良反应发生率治疗组为28.89%,对照组为18.42%,两组差异有显著性（P<0.05）;在随后第4周的随访中,复发率分别是治疗组为11.11%,对照组为42.11%,两组差异有显著性（P<0.05）。结论：与丁酸氢化可的松比较,多磺酸粘多糖对轻中度面部激素依赖性皮炎的疗效无明显差异,但是其可减少面部激素依赖性皮炎的复发率。     

Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Based Music Therapy in Korean Adolescents with Smartphone and Internet Addiction

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding music therapy (MT) to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on symptoms of smartphone/internet addiction and psychiatric comorbidities. Methods Overall, 155 patients diagnosed with addiction were assigned to either the CBT-MT group or CBT group. Both groups received CBT for 8 weeks, while the CBT-MT group received additional MT. The intervention was completed by 67 and 71 participants in the CBT-MT and CBT groups, respectively. Results The total scores of Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAT) and Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) decreased significantly (p<0.001 for both) in both groups, while the total scores of State Anxiety Inventory for Children (SAIC) (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (TAIC) (p<0.001), Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scale-Short form (CASS(S)) (p=0.048), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) (p<0.001) decreased only in the CBT-MT group. The decrements in YIAT (p=0.025), SAIC (p=0.043), TAIC (p=0.011), and BIS-11 (p=0.012) in the CBT-MT group were significantly greater than those in the CBT group. Conclusion Combined MT and CBT improved the symptoms of smartphone/internet addiction, anxiety, and impulsivity in adolescents. This combination could therefore be an effective treatment of smartphone or internet addiction along with behavioral disorders such as anxiety and impulsivity.     

国内外定制式增材制造医疗器械监管法规概述及对行业发展的思考

目的 概述国内外定制式增材制造医疗器械监管法规,分析医疗器械监管科学研究对增材制造医疗器械行业发展的意义,以期能够为生产企业及监管机构未来的工作提供参考。方法 该文通过对国内外关于定制式增材制造医疗器械监管法规及注册体系进行分析,剖析定制式增材制造医疗器械监管法规及注册体系的创新发展对于我国医疗器械行业发展的拉动效应。结果 美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国均已建立定制式增材制造医疗器械监管法规及注册体系,给出了定制式医疗器械的定义,明确了定制式医疗器械临床使用和上市后监管的要求,但各国间还存在一定的差异,使得各国对于定制式医疗器械的监管模式也稍有差异,建立医疗器械科学监管模式将推动增材制造医疗器械行业发展。结论 构建基于精准风险控制的评价监管体系,加强监管人员、审评人员与科研、医疗人员间的相互协同作用将有助于定制式增材制造医疗器械科学监管模式的构建。     

Between Knowledge and Desire: Perceptions of Decision-Making in the Addictive Behaviors

Behavioral change in the addictions is often conceptualized in terms of decision-making. It is argued that there are various problems and ambiguities inherent in the experimental research approach. An exploratory study across a range of dependencies (smoking, excessive gambling, drinking, and eating) is reported. The main aim is to examine personal accounts and views of the decision-making process instead of looking at this indirectly. Qualitative and quantitative evidence from a clinical and general population sample supports the perceived importance of decision-making across the dependencies studied. Such a process is thought to facilitate action and commitment. Firmness of decision in the clinical sample is significantly related to confidence in maintaining change. However, choices or decisions often involve relatively unsystematic processing. Blocks to implementation include unpleasant affect. The importance of understanding the link between affect and decision is emphasized as this is thought to be one of the critical determinants of successful change, yet is rarely explicitly studied. The discussion elaborates on possible ways of integrating decision making with current clinical practice.     

Brain temperature fluctuations during physiological and pathological conditions

This review discusses brain temperature as a physiological parameter, which is determined primarily by neural metabolism, regulated by cerebral blood flow, and affected by various environmental factors and drugs. First, we consider normal fluctuations in brain temperature that are induced by salient environmental stimuli and occur during motivated behavior at stable normothermic conditions. Second, we analyze changes in brain temperature induced by various drugs that affect brain and body metabolism and heat dissipation. Third, we consider how these physiological and drug-induced changes in brain temperature are modulated by environmental conditions that diminish heat dissipation. Our focus is psychomotor stimulant drugs and brain hyperthermia as a factor inducing or potentiating neurotoxicity. Finally, we discuss how brain temperature is regulated, what changes in brain temperature reflect, and how these changes may affect neural functions under normal and pathological conditions. Although most discussed data were obtained in animals and several important aspects of brain temperature regulation in humans remain unknown, our focus is on the relevance of these data for human physiology and pathology.     

大学生心理韧性在手机成瘾与心理健康间的中介作用

目的了解大学生手机成瘾、心理韧性与心理健康关系及心理韧性的中介作用。方法采用一般资料调查问卷,手机成瘾指数量表(MPAI)、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表(DASS-21)、心理韧性量表(RS-14)对安徽省某高校578名大学本科生进行问卷调查。结果手机成瘾与抑郁、焦虑、压力均呈正向相关关系(r=0.411、0.451、0.455,P<0.01);手机成瘾与心理韧性呈负向相关关系(r=-0.126,P<0.01);心理韧性与抑郁、焦虑、压力均呈负向相关关系(r=-0.387、-0.334、-0.299,P<0.01)。心理韧性在手机成瘾与心理健康之间起部分中介作用(中介效应值为0.08)。结论大学生心理韧性在手机成瘾与心理健康之间起中介作用,通过加强大学生心理韧性训练,可缓解手机成瘾对其心理健康的不良影响。