关于乳与乳制品中三聚氰胺临时管理限量值规定的公告

三聚氰胺不是食品原料，也不是食品添加剂，禁止人为添加到食品中。对在食品中人为添加三聚氰胺的。依法追究法律责任。三聚氰胺作为化工原料，可用于塑料、涂料、粘合剂、食品包装材料的生产。资料表明。三聚氰胺可能从环境、食品包装材料等途径进入到食品中，其含量很低。为确保人体健康，确保乳与乳制品质量安全，     

单氰胺对大鼠肾细胞抗氧化功能的影响

目的 探讨单氰胺对大鼠肾细胞抗氧化损伤功能的影响.方法 分别将终浓度为0.06、0.12、0.18、0.24、0.30 mg/ml的单氰胺添加到大鼠肾细胞(NRK)培养液中.培养24 h后.检测NRK细胞培养物上清内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞中一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力.结果 随着单氰胺浓度的增加,LDH活力和NO含量先升高后下降,MDA含量增加,NOS活力升高,SOD和GSH-Px活力下降,实验组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05;P<0.01).结论 单氰胺可导致大鼠肾细胞抗氧化损伤功能下降.     

A Survey on Occurrence of Melamine and Its Analogues in Tainted Infant Formula in China

Objective To investigate the occurrence and concentrations of melamine and its analogues in tainted infant formula and to identify the etiologic factors for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008. Methods Sanlu infant formula samples were collected from families of the affected children in Gansu province, and markets in Gansu and Hebei provinces and Beijing city. Melamine and its analogues, including cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were measured by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Results High prevalence and concentrations of melamine were found in Sanlu infant formula samples, with low concentrations of cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Melamine were detected in 87 out of 111 Sanlu infant formula samples with a range of 118 to 4 700 mg/kg, Conclusion The results provide strong evidence for melamine as the etiological factor for the urinary stones epidemic in infants and young children in China in 2008.     

三聚氰胺污染的奶粉导致的儿童泌尿系结石：我们知道多少，还有多少我们不知道（文摘）

虽然关于三聚氰胺相关的结石还有很多问题尚不清楚，通过对三聚氰胺污染的奶粉导致的儿童泌尿系结石的筛查、诊断和治疗，中国医生在结石的临床和影像学特点方面积累了很多经验。通过回顾早前的动物研究报告和最近在人类中获得的经验，我们认为尚没有动物实验或人类研究的证据支持三聚氰胺具有直接的肾毒性，虽然可能还需进行切实可行的随访和评价。也有推测认为进一步研究结石形成的机理时可能需要考虑人体内代谢改变和肾小管功能。     

假蛋白三聚氰胺的实验室检测方法分析

三聚氰胺（melanaine）简称三胺，学名三氨三嗪，别名蜜胺、氰尿酰胺、三聚酰胺，分子式：C3N3（NH2）3，分子量：126．12，是一种重要的氮杂环有机化工原料．无味白色结晶粉末。根据分子量与分子式可计算其含氮量高达66．6％．奶制品中添加含氮量高的三聚氰胺．就可在凯氏定氮法检测中造成蛋白质含量达标的假象．因此三聚氰胺也被人们称为“蛋白精”假蛋白。     

Diagnosis and treatment of melamine-associated urinary calculus complicated with acute renal failure in infants and young children

Background Infants in some areas of China developed urinary lithiasis after being fed with powdered milk that was tainted with melamine in 2008 and very small proportion of the infants developed acute renal failure caused by urinary tract calculus obstruction. The aim of this article was to summarize clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of infants with urinary calculus and acute renal failure developed after being fed with melamine tainted formula milk. Methods Data of infant patients with urinary calculus and acute renal failure due to melamine tainted formula milk admitted to the Beijing Children＇s Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Medical University and the Xuzhou Children＇s Hospital in 2008 were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging features as well as effects of 4 types of therapies. Results All the 34 infants with urinary calculus were complicated with acute renal failure, their blood urea nitrogen （BUN） was （24.1±8.2） mmol/L and creatinine （Cr） was （384.2±201.2） umol/L. The chemical analysis on the urinary calculus sampled from 15 of the infants showed that the calculus contained melamine and acidum uricum. The time needed for the four types of therapies for returning Cr to normal was （3.5±1.9） days for cystoscopy group, （2.7±1.1） days for lithotomy group, （3.8±2.3） days for dialysis group, and （2.7±1.6） days for medical treatment group, which had no statistically significant difference （P=-0.508）. Renal failure of all the 34 infants was relieved within 1 to 7 days, averaging （3.00±1.78） days. Conclusions Melamine tainted formula milk may cause urinary calculus and obstructive acute renal failure. It is suggested that firstly the patients with urinary calculus complicated with acute renal failure should be treated with dialysis or medication to correct electrolyte disturbance, in particular hyperkalemia, and then relieve the obstruction with available medical and surgical methods as soon as possible. It was observed that the short-term prognosis was satisfactory.     

Blood purification therapy in treatment of acute renal failure in infants with melamine-induced stones

Background In 2008, infants in some areas of China suffered from stones of the urinary system which were caused by melamine-contaminated milk formula. Most of the infants were asymptomatic, and a few suffered from acute renal failure induced by urinary obstruction by stones. This study aimed to assess the significance of blood purification therapy in treatment of infants with acute obstructive oligo-anuric renal failure. Corrective perception, timely diagnosis, and active treatment of this complex disease are critical factors that guarantee a quick recovery of renal function of infants and help them to prevent multiple organ system failure. Methods Thirteen infants with acute renal failure induced by urinary multiple obstruction caused by melamine-containing stones who had been admitted to Beijing Children＇s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University in 2008 were investigated for the epidemiological characteristics, image features and indications of dialysis. All these infants were treated with dialysis. The efficacy of dialysis was compared with that of two control groups treated with cystoscopic retrograde catheterization into the ureter and medical treatment for the recovery of renal function. Results The 13 infants with life-threatening complications treated with dialysis showed a blood urea nitrogen （BUN） level of （30.9±7.9） mmol/L and a creatinine （Cr） level of （572±173）umol/L. Of these infants, 8 were treated with peritoneal dialysis （PD）, and 5 with hemodialysis （HD）. Ten infants recovered to urinate 24-72 hours after dialysis and 3 infants with persistent ureteral obstruction were further treated with cystoscopic retrograde catheterization into the ureter for drainage and urination resumed soon after the operation. The average time of PD and HD were （2.1±0.8） days and （1.2±0.4） days, respectively. The total average time of PD and HD dialysis was （1.77±0.83） days. The recovery time of renal function of infants after dialysis was （3.08±1.20） days, comparable to that of the two control groups treated with catheterization with a cystoscope or by medication. There was no significant difference in the recovery time of renal function among the three groups （P 〉0.05）. Conclusions Melamine-contaminated milk formula may cause urinary stones and obstructive acute renal failure in infants. Dialysis is suggested to treat life-threatening complications such as hyperkalemia, oliguria or anuria if surgical intervention fails. If possible, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis can be performed early. Blood purification is feasible to help the infants overcome the critical stage of acute renal failure. Surgical measures can be taken to remove the obstruction if necessary.     

济南市食用含三聚氰胺奶粉致婴幼儿泌尿系统结石调查报告

传统的疾病报告仅上报发病总人数。济南市卫生局在2008年“问题奶粉”引发的病例报告中．运用流行病学调查方法,详细调查和分析了“问题奶粉”食用儿童的疾病特征和流行病季特点．为政府制订和完善干预控制策略提供了科学依据。这种做法值得提倡。     

三聚氰胺与婴幼儿肾结石关系的研究进展

2008年上半年,婴幼儿肾结石病例在中国某些地区集中出现,引起了国内外的广泛关注。中国卫生部9月12日宣布,食用受三聚氰胺（melamine）污染的奶粉可能是导致婴幼儿泌尿系统结石的原因。与此同时,     

三聚氰胺与婴幼儿肾结石的关系探讨

“三鹿”奶粉中违规加入三聚氰胺,这种物质在人体内呈弱碱性,与体内的代谢产物尿酸结合形成尿酸胺,当尿液浓缩或尿液偏酸时．尿酸胺可析出成为小结晶或结石。在“肾结石宝宝”事件中,笔者认为,家长一定要对婴幼儿的一些症状提高警惕。