人兽共患疾病的流行现状、危害及其防控对策

人兽共患疾病是一类严重威胁人类和动物健康的疾病，有些疾病一旦发生会给人类社会和经济发展带来灾难性的影响。自从其发现以来，人类与其的斗争一直就没有停止。在国际组织和各个国家的参与下，人类已有效控制和消灭了天花、鼠疫等曾给人类带来灾难的人兽共患疾病。然而，21世纪的今天，一些新发现的和曾被有效控制的人兽共患疾病又频频爆发和肆虐，甚至愈演愈烈，有的发展到难以控制的局面，使人类社会又一次面临严峻的考验。本文概括介绍了人兽共患疾病的流行现状与危害、频繁发生的根源以及防控策略等，积极呼吁和倡导世界各国加强合作，采取协调统一的有效措施控制这类疾病的发生和蔓延，造福人类社会。     

Features of hepatitis E virus infection in humans and animals in Japan

In Japan, hepatitis E had long been considered to be a rare liver disease which can be accidentally imported from endemic countries in Asia and Africa, where the sanitation conditions are suboptimal. However, since the identification of the first autochthonous hepatitis E case and hepatitis E viremic domestic pigs in Japan in 2001, our understanding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in this country has been changing markedly. This has largely been due to the development of serological and gene‐based diagnostic assays, the accumulation of molecular epidemiological findings on HEV infection in humans and animals (as potential reservoirs for HEV in humans) and the recognition of the importance of zoonotic food‐borne and other routes of transmission of HEV, including blood‐borne transmission. Although it is now evident that autochthonous hepatitis E in Japan is far more common than was previously thought, clinical and subclinical HEV infections indigenous to Japan remain underdiagnosed and their prevalence is still underestimated due to the presence of unknown transmission routes and a low awareness of the infection status by many physicians in Japan. This review focuses on the features of HEV infection in humans and animals, as definitive or potential reservoirs for HEV, in Japan, and updates the current knowledge on the routes of transmission, including zoonotic routes, which are important for the maintenance and spread of HEV in Japan.     

Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission Hypothesis for the Origin of Pandemic HIV-1

HIV-1 M originated from SIVcpz endemic in chimpanzees from southeast Cameroon or neighboring areas, and it started to spread in the early 20th century. Here we examine the factors that may have contributed to simian-to-human transmission, local transmission between humans, and export to a city. The region had intense ape hunting, social disruption, commercial sex work, STDs, and traffic to/from Kinshasa in the period 1899–1923. Injection treatments increased sharply around 1930; however, their frequency among local patients was far lower than among modern groups experiencing parenteral HIV-1 outbreaks. Recent molecular datings of HIV-1 M fit better the period of maximal resource exploitation and trade links than the period of high injection intensity. We conclude that although local parenteral outbreaks might have occurred, these are unlikely to have caused massive transmission. World War I led to additional, and hitherto unrecognized, risks of HIV-1 emergence. We propose an Enhanced Heterosexual Transmission Hypothesis for the origin of HIV-1 M, featuring at the time and place of its origin a coincidence of favorable co-factors (ape hunting, social disruption, STDs, and mobility) for both cross-species transmission and heterosexual spread. Our hypothesis does not exclude a role for parenteral transmission in the initial viral adaptation.     

Sequencing and phylogenetic characterization of Brucella canis isolates,Ohio, 2016

Brucella canis is one of zoonotic pathogens causing infection in human. In this study, we isolated and sequenced 38 B. canis strains from 11 cases. Core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis classified all B. canis isolates into two genogroups, GI and GII . All 38 isolates cluster together forming a 2016 Ohio cluster, in which they form five subclusters reflecting their geographical differences. Unlike GI , the isolates of the GII are from diverse geographical locations including Asia, America, Africa, and Europe and form Asia and South America clusters. Overall, our findings could be useful to investigate and track B. canis of future outbreaks.     

Early diagnosis of Hantavirus infection by family doctors can reduce inappropriate antibiotic use and hospitalization

Abstract

Objective. Hantavirus infections are emerging infections that cause either Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). A recent Swedish outbreak of nephropathia epidemica, a European HFRS, was analysed to study the patient flow and clinical picture and to investigate the value of an early diagnosis in general practice. Design. In a retrospective design, medical records of verified cases of Hantavirus infection were studied. Setting. The study was conducted in the county of Norrbotten, Sweden. Subjects. Data from Hantavirus patients diagnosed between 2006 and 2008 were analysed. Main outcome measures. Demographic data, level of care, treatment, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings were obtained. Results. In total, 456 cases were included (58% males and 42% females). The majority of patients first saw their general practitioner and were exclusively treated in general practice (83% and 56%, respectively). When diagnosed correctly at the first visit, antibiotics and hospitalization were significantly lowered compared with delayed diagnosis (14% vs. 53% and 30% vs. 54%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The clinical picture was diverse. Early thrombocytopenia was found in 65% of the patients, and haemorrhagic manifestations were documented in a few cases. Signs of renal involvement – haematuria, proteinuria, and raised levels of serum creatinine – were found in a majority of patients. Conclusions. Raised awareness in general practice regarding emerging infections and better diagnostic tools are desirable. This study of a Hantavirus outbreak shows that general practitioners are frontline doctors during outbreaks and through early and correct diagnosis they can reduce antibiotic treatment and hospitalization.     

Emergence,control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world

Globally, leptospirosis poses an increasing public health problem, as evidenced by markedly increasing incidence rates and multiple outbreaks in all continents. Yet, the disease is severely neglected and hence, its global burden is largely unknown. The estimated incidence of about half a million severe human cases annually is probably an underestimation while the burden for animal health is unknown. It is anticipated that current international initiatives will assess the global burden of leptospirosis, while mathematical modelling of transmission dynamics will allow the identification and testing of appropriate intervention and outbreak response measures within the coming years.     

Zoonotic Infections From Common Household Pets

Animal to human zoonosis is when an animal transmits infections, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi, to humans via direct or indirect contact. Common household pets can be a source of these infections. Most of these zoonotic infections go unrecognized by the primary care provider and, therefore, may go unreported or untreated. Although most people contract mild cases of these diseases, zoonotic infections can become quite devastating for those who are very young, pregnant, elderly, or immunocompromised.     

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Humans and Cats in Same Household,Texas, USA, 2012

Mycobacterium bovis infection of cats is exceedingly rare in regions where bovine tuberculosis is not endemic. We describe the diagnosis and clinical management of pulmonary M. bovis infection in 2 indoor-housed cats and their association with at least 1 M. bovis–infected human in Texas, USA, in September 2012.