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排序方式: 共有1486条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A Trakic F Liu H Sanchez Lopez H Wang S Crozier 《Magnetic resonance in medicine》2007,57(6):1119-1130
The switching of magnetic field gradient coils in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inevitably induces transient eddy currents in conducting system components, such as the cryostat vessel. These secondary currents degrade the spatial and temporal performance of the gradient coils, and compensation methods are commonly employed to correct for these distortions. This theoretical study shows that by incorporating the eddy currents into the coil optimization process, it is possible to modify a gradient coil design so that the fields created by the coil and the eddy currents combine together to generate a spatially homogeneous gradient that follows the input pulse. Shielded and unshielded longitudinal gradient coils are used to exemplify this novel approach. To assist in the evaluation of transient eddy currents induced within a realistic cryostat vessel, a low-frequency finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method using the total-field scattered-field (TFSF) scheme was performed. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for optimizing longitudinal gradient fields while taking into account the spatial and temporal behavior of the eddy currents. 相似文献
2.
As a consequence of the time-varying magnetic field induced by eddy currents, frequency drifting occurs when the sampling window of localized spectroscopy continuously shifts. The frequency drifting and the concomitant phase variations can severely affect spectroscopy results when data are acquired with multiple echo times (TEs), such as in the measurement of glutamate (Glu) concentration using the TE-averaged method. Specifically, the averaged spectra are further broadened and distorted in the presence of residual eddy currents, and editing of the coupled spins of Glu C4 protons is affected, resulting in errors in the measured relative intensity ratio. Postacquisition correction using unsuppressed water as reference can effectively minimize this detrimental effect, as manifested by the significantly enhanced signal intensity. Also, it is demonstrated that the methyl signals of creatine (Cr) at 3.0 ppm and choline (Cho) at 3.2 ppm can be used as internal references in finding frequency and phase disparities between different TEs. 相似文献
3.
Ofer Binah Irit Rubinstein Arieh Bomzon Ori S. Better 《Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology》1987,335(2):160-165
Summary The effects of sodium salts of various bile acids on the contractile force and the electrophysiological properties of rat ventricular muscle were studied in vitro. Primary, conjugated, and secondary bile acids were studied in a concentration range of 10–9–10–6 mol/l, which corresponds to concentrations found in the plasm of patients with cholestatic jaundice. In general, the bile acid induced a negative inotropic effect which was manifested as a reduction in active tension, maximum rate of tension activation, and maximum rate of tension relaxation. Twitch duration and time to peak tension were unaffected by the bile acids. The negative inotropism was associated with a reduction in ventricular action potential duration. Resting potential, action potential amplitude, and maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 depolarization were unaffected. Voltage clamp experiments in rat ventricular myocytes demonstrated that sodium taurocholate decreased the slow inward current and slightly increased the outward potassium current. Hence, these effects on the membrane currents are probably responsible for the negative inotropic effect.
Send offprint requests to O. Binah at the above address 相似文献
4.
Using the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique, calcium-activated potassium currents (IK,Ca) were investigated in ramified murine brain macrophages. In order to induce IK,Ca the intracellular concentration of nominal free Ca2+ was adjusted to 1μM. The Ca2+-activated K+ current of brain macrophages did not show any voltage dependence at test potentials between –120 and +30mV. A tenfold change
in extracellular K+ concentration shifted the reversal potential of IK,Ca by 51mV. The bee venom toxin apamin applied at concentrations of up to 1μM did not affect IK,Ca. Ca2+-activated K+ currents of ramified brain macrophages were highly sensitive to extracellularly applied charybdotoxin (CTX). The half-maximal
effective concentration of CTX was calculated to be 4.3nM. In contrast to CTX, the scorpion toxin kaliotoxin did not inhibit
IK,Ca at concentrations between 1 and 50nM. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) blocked 8.0% of IK,Ca at a concentration of 1mM, whereas 31.4% of current was blocked by 10mM TEA. Several inorganic polyvalent cations were tested
at a concentration of 2mM for their ability to block IK,Ca. La3+ reduced IK,Ca by 72.8%, whereas Cd2+ decreased IK,Ca by 17.4%; in contrast, Ni2+ did not have any effect on IK,Ca. Ba2+ applied at a concentration of 1mM reduced IK,Ca voltage-dependently at hyperpolarizing potentials.
Received: 17 January / Accepted: 5 May 1997 相似文献
5.
目的:观察福辛普利晚期预处理对缺氧复氧心室肌细胞Na /Ca2 交换电流的影响。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳方法,记录观察酶解的成年豚鼠心室肌细胞Na /Ca2 交换电流在缺氧复氧期的变化。结果:缺氧复氧明显增加心肌Na /Ca2 交换电流,在-100mV和 60mV时较对照组分别增加41.05%及32.75%,福辛普利预处理后可明显抑制缺氧复氧心肌Na /Ca2 交换电流,在-100mV和 60mV时分别减少17.90%及14.20%,有助于减少钙内流,减轻钙超载。结论:福辛普利预处理可抑制缺氧复氧心肌Na /Ca2 交换电流逆向转运。 相似文献
6.
目的研究二氮嗪开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道对大鼠脑缺血再灌注细胞凋亡的影响。方法采用线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,将20只大鼠随机分成4组,假手术组、缺血组、缺血+二氮嗪治疗组和缺血+二氮嚷+MitoK(ATP)通道特异性抑制剂5-HD组。观察各组凋亡细胞数和凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的变化。结果与缺血组比较,二氮嗪使凋亡细胞数明显减少(83.2±9.04 vs 123.96±13.45),Bcl-2表达增高(0.17±0.01 vs 0.13±0.01),Bax表达下降(0.15±0.02 vs 0.20±0.03),差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。5-HD能取消这些作用(P<0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤时,二氮嗪能通过上调半暗带区Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达,减少神经元凋亡,对脑缺血损伤起保护作用。 相似文献
7.
The voltage-gated currents of the astrocytes associated with the retinal capillaries of the rabbit retina were studied using whole-cell patch clamp recording. The resting potential of these cells was −70 ± 4.8 mV (mean ± SEM; n = 54), and the input resistance and cell capacitance were 558 ± 3.6 MΩ and 19.5 ± 1.8 pF respectively. Depolarization to potentials positive to −50 mV evoked rapidly activating inward and outward currents. The inward current was transient, eliminated by substitution of choline for Na+ in the bathing solution, and reduced by 50% in the presence of 1 μM tetrodotoxin. The time-to-peak of the Na+ current was more than twice that for the Na+ current found in retinal neurons. The glial Na+ current was half-inactivated at −55 mV. A transient component of the outward K+ current was blocked by external 4-aminopyridine while a more sustained component was blocked by external tetraethylammonium. At potentials between −150 and −50 mV the membrane behaved Ohmically. Voltage-gated currents in retinal astrocytes recorded in situ appear qualitatively similar to those described for some glial cells in vitro. 相似文献
8.
Emília P. Duarte Graça Baltazar Arsélio P. Carvalho 《The European journal of neuroscience》1994,6(7):1128-1135
We compared the effectiveness of Ca2+ entering by Na+/Ca2+ exchange with that of Ca2+ entering by channels produced by membrane depolarization with K+ in inducing catecholamine release from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. The Ca2+ influx through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was promoted by reversing the normal inward gradient of Na+ by preincubating the cells with ouabain to increase the intracellular Na+ and then removing Na+ from the external medium. In this way we were able to increase the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) by Na+/Ca2+ exchange to 325 ± 14 nM, which was similar to the rise in [Ca2+]c observed upon depolarization with 35 mM K+ of cells not treated with ouabain. After incubating the cells with ouabain, K+ depolarization raised the [Ca2+]c to 398 ± 31 nM, and the recovery of [Ca2+]c to resting levels was significantly slower. Reversal of the Na+ gradient caused an −6-fold increase in the release of noradrenaline or adrenaline, whereas K+ depolarization induced a 12-fold increase in noradrenaline release but only a 9-fold increase in adrenaline release. The ratio of noradrenaline to adrenaline release was 1.24 ± 0.23 upon reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange, whereas it was 1.83 ± 0.19 for K+ depolarization. Reversal of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange appeared to be as efficient as membrane depolarization in inducing adrenaline release, in that the relation of [Ca2+]c to adrenaline release was the same in both cases. In contrast, we found that for the same average [Ca2+]c, the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated channels was much more efficient than the Ca2+ entering through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in inducing noradrenaline release from chromaffin ceils. This greater effectiveness of membrane depolarization in stimulating noradrenaline release suggests that there is a pool of noradrenaline vesicles which is more accessible to Ca2+ entering through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels than to Ca2+ entering through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, whereas the adrenaline vesicles do not distinguish between the source of Ca2+. 相似文献
9.
Magnetization prepared segmented acquisition requires a view order that maximizes signal contrast during the acquisition of the central portion of k-space. Steady state free precession (SSFP) acquisition further requires a view order that minimizes changes in phase-encoding gradients from one repetition to the next in order to minimize eddy current artifacts. In this article, optimal view ordering schemes satisfying these two requirements are formulated and applied to inversion prepared 3D SSFP contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA). Experiments on phantoms and pigs demonstrated improved background suppression and reduced image artifacts. 相似文献
10.