运用PDCA循环改进居家养老护理文件书写质量

目的运用PDCA循环的质量管理方法,改进居家养老护理文件书写质量。方法对现存的护理质量不合格项目进行原因分析、制定改进计划、组织实施、效果评价。结果改进后的居家养老护理文件书写合格率达到98%。结论通过应用PDCA循环质量管理工具进行护理质量管理,使该中心居家养老护理文件书写水平得到大幅度提高,同时促进了该中心护理管理质量的提升。     

从医硕学位论文引文看馆藏期刊建设与利用

通过对本校73位医硕学位论文的引文量、文献类型、引文语种、引文的出版年代等情况的统计分析，揭示了医硕学位论文引用文献的分布现状，本馆外文期刊对引文情报来源的保障率，馆藏中外文期刊的被引高峰期、引文的年度时限跨度等。获知硕士生对文献的需求、引用文献特点及需改进的问题。为提高研究生的教育和管理；为优化生物医学馆藏期刊建设结构，满足硕士研究生对期刊信息的需求，改进服务质量提出设想和建议。     

国内中西医研究亚健康状态诊断标准文献计量学分析

[目的]了解中国亚健康状态文献中关于亚健康的诊断标准采用情况。[方法]采用计量学方法对中国1984年1月-2009年10月正式发表的1308篇亚健康状态研究文献进行了统计,分析不同学科、不同研究类型的文献是否采用诊断标准存在差别。[结果]国内亚健康标准众多,以自编量表为主,不同学科类别、不同研究类型的文献对量表的选择趋向亦不同。[结论]目前国内亚健康研究应在统一和规范亚健康诊断标准上加大工作力度。     

Accuracy and reliability of forensic handwriting comparisons

Forensic handwriting examination involves the comparison of writing samples by forensic document examiners (FDEs) to determine whether or not they were written by the same person. Here we report the results of a large-scale study conducted to assess the accuracy and reliability of handwriting comparison conclusions. Eighty-six practicing FDEs each conducted up to 100 handwriting comparisons, resulting in 7,196 conclusions on 180 distinct comparison sets, using a five-level conclusion scale. Erroneous “written by” conclusions (false positives) were reached in 3.1% of the nonmated comparisons, while 1.1% of the mated comparisons yielded erroneous “not written by” conclusions (false negatives). False positive rates were markedly higher for nonmated samples written by twins (8.7%) compared to nontwins (2.5%). Notable associations between training and performance were observed: FDEs with less than 2 y of formal training generally had higher error rates, but they also had higher true positive and true negative rates because they tended to provide more definitive conclusions; FDEs with at least 2 y of formal training were less likely to make definitive conclusions, but those definitive conclusions they made were more likely to be correct (higher positive predictive and negative predictive values). We did not observe any association between writing style (cursive vs. printing) and rates of errors or incorrect conclusions. This report also provides details on the repeatability and reproducibility of conclusions, and reports how conclusions are affected by the quantity of writing and the similarity of content.

Forensic science is under scrutiny, particularly for pattern-based disciplines in which source conclusions are reported. The National Research Council report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward (1) stated that “The scientific basis for handwriting comparisons needs to be strengthened” and noted that “there has been only limited research to quantify the reliability and replicability of the practices used by trained document examiners.” The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) report Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods (2) expressed concerns regarding the validity and reliability of conclusions made by forensic examiners, and called for empirical testing: “The only way to establish the scientific validity and degree of reliability of a subjective forensic feature-comparison method—that is, one involving significant human judgment—is to test it empirically by seeing how often examiners actually get the right answer. Such an empirical test of a subjective forensic feature-comparison method is referred to as a ‘black-box test.’” The National Commission on Forensic Science also called for such testing (3). Although the accuracy and reliability of conclusions made by forensic document examiners (FDEs) have been the focus of multiple studies over the years (4–10), the designs of those studies are notably different from this study (and from PCAST’s recommendations), and therefore the resulting rates are not directly comparable (in particular, when comparing open-set to closed-set studies, comparing studies based on one-to-one vs. one-to-many examinations, and comparing studies that use notably different conclusion scales; see SI Appendix, Appendix B for a summary).This study was conducted to provide data that can be used to assess the scientific validity of handwriting comparisons, for use by policy makers, laboratory managers, the legal community, and FDEs. This study follows the approach used in the previous FBI Laboratory–Noblis latent print black box study (11) and later recommended by the PCAST report. The design utilizes open-set, one-to-one document comparisons to evaluate the conclusions reached by practicing FDEs when comparing writing samples selected to be broadly comparable to casework. The primary purposes of the study are to measure the accuracy of conclusions by FDEs when comparing handwriting samples and to assess reliability by measuring the reproducibility (interexaminer variability) and repeatability (intraexaminer variability) of those conclusions. Secondary purposes include reporting any associations between the accuracy of the decisions in this study, factors related to the participants (such as training or experience), and factors related to the samples (such as quantity of writing, comparability of content, limitations, or style of writing).     

FDA指导原则管理规范的发展及启示

目的 全面理解FDA指导原则管理规范(Good Guidance Practice,GGP)的起草背景、基本结构、主要特点、运行成效及改进方向,为中国将来制定药品监管指导原则管理规范提供参考。方法 采用文献研究与比较法学研究的方法,对美国《联邦公报》等政府文件中与GGP相关的内容作梳理,结合美国行政法律制度分析其生成发展环境。结果 GGP的出台依赖社会力量推动,它一直将指导原则的外延界定、非法律强制性的内涵属性、充分引入公众参与,以及建立通畅的评议反映渠道作为基本内容,而社会共治则是GGP最核心的原则。近些年FDA对指导原则制定过程的科层管理效率也提出了新要求。结论 中国未来可以借鉴GGP在指导原则分类分级、公众参与、部门协作机制等方面的制度成果;同时考虑到中外法律体系差异等因素,还应该在指导原则属性定位等领域进行规范。     

Determining the difficulty of Word Sense Disambiguation

Automatic processing of biomedical documents is made difficult by the fact that many of the terms they contain are ambiguous. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) systems attempt to resolve these ambiguities and identify the correct meaning. However, the published literature on WSD systems for biomedical documents report considerable differences in performance for different terms. The development of WSD systems is often expensive with respect to acquiring the necessary training data. It would therefore be useful to be able to predict in advance which terms WSD systems are likely to perform well or badly on.This paper explores various methods for estimating the performance of WSD systems on a wide range of ambiguous biomedical terms (including ambiguous words/phrases and abbreviations). The methods include both supervised and unsupervised approaches. The supervised approaches make use of information from labeled training data while the unsupervised ones rely on the UMLS Metathesaurus. The approaches are evaluated by comparing their predictions about how difficult disambiguation will be for ambiguous terms against the output of two WSD systems. We find the supervised methods are the best predictors of WSD difficulty, but are limited by their dependence on labeled training data. The unsupervised methods all perform well in some situations and can be applied more widely.     

伤口评估卡片联合电子照片在老年科护士伤口专科知识培训中的应用

[目的]探讨伤口评估卡片联合电子照片在老年科护士伤口专科知识培训中的应用效果。[方法]按照随机数字表法将老年科60名护士分为观察组和对照组各30例,对照组采用电子照片对护士伤口专科知识进行培训和指导,观察组采用自制伤口评估卡片联合电子照片对护士伤口专科知识进行培训和指导。比较两组护士伤口专科知识的掌握程度、护士记录伤口病人护理文书的记录质量及护士对伤口病人伤口转归的护理管理能力。[结果]观察组护士伤口专科知识的掌握程度、护士记录伤口病人护理文书的记录质量及护士对伤口病人伤口转归的护理管理能力均优于对照组(P<0.05)。[结论]在老年科护士伤口专科知识培训中应用伤口评估卡片联合电子照片效果显著。     

山海螺本草考证与临床研究进展简

目的：考证山海螺文献记载,综述其临床研究进展。方法：通过查阅古今文献,考证历代本草学对山海螺的记述,汇总其功效报道。结果：山海螺别名有：羊乳（根）、四叶参、奶党、奶树、白河车等,古代本草著作中作为＂羊乳＂的一种,山海螺为肺经药,兼入肝、脾经,是治疗气虚伴有阴津亏乏、痰结肿疡的良药,有扶正之功,无恋邪之弊,补中可清,清中有宣,润而不腻。结论：中医临床应用山海螺有悠久历史,其功效不断被发掘和完善,特别是治疗肿瘤疾患方面具有广阔应用和开发前景。     

媒体引导对中医古籍阅读推广的作用及其启示

由于中医古籍的文本内容、读者群及其阅读能力等因素,古籍文献的阅读推广在高校图书馆文化活动中一直处于“盆地”状态。 以南京中医药大学图书馆读书节的馆藏中医古籍展览活动为例,阐述了媒体引导对中医古籍阅读推广的作用,如启发读者对中医古籍的兴趣、发挥中医古籍中的名人效应、彰显中中医古籍的海外影响力。媒体引导下中医古籍资源的传播和利用效果为图书馆今后转换思路,做好特色文献阅读推广工作提供参考与借鉴。