Early increase of TNFα and IL-6 in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid indicator of subsequent chronic lung disease in preterm infants

AIM—To investigate if early changes in concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF) from preterm infants could be used to detect infants at risk of chronic lung disease (CLD) and help in the selection of patients for early steroid treatment.METHODS—Twenty eight preterm infants less than 34 weeks of gestation (median 26 weeks) were intubated and daily measurements of TAF concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 were made, using enzyme immunoassay techniques.RESULTS—Seventeen of the infants developed CLD. The infants who developed CLD had significantly increased concentrations of TNFα, IL-1ß, IL-6 on days 2 and 3. TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were significantly related to gestational age and duration of supplemental oxygen; TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations also correlated with length of time on the ventilator.CONCLUSION—These data indicate that tracheobronchial aspirate fluid cytokine concentrations may be used as a predictor of subsequent CLD and may help select a group of preterm infants at high risk of developing CLD for early treatment.     

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目的探讨支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗气道狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法对山东大学齐鲁儿童医院呼吸介入科2008年10月至2011年8月收治的156例气道狭窄患儿,实施支气管镜介导下球囊扩张治疗,其中146例肺炎致气道炎性狭窄、4例结核感染引起的气道狭窄、1例异物肉芽组织增生致气道狭窄并肺不张;5例气管插管引起的气道疤痕性狭窄。结果 (1)156例气道狭窄的患儿分别接受支气管镜下球囊扩张1～3次。139例显效,其中134例狭窄段管径增大,肺不张复张2/3以上;5例主气道狭窄经球囊扩张治疗呼吸通畅。12例有效,肺不张经球囊扩张后肺组织复张1/3～2/3。5例无效,虽扩张后局部狭窄解除,但胸部CT肺不张无改善。总有效率96.8%。(2)经1～6个月随访,气管镜下扩张部位气道未再次狭窄,胸片或胸部CT肺不张无复发。(3)26例扩张时扩张部位的支气管黏膜轻微出血,止血效果好,9例术后轻微胸痛未作处理很快缓解,无其他并发症。结论支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗儿童气道狭窄是有效、安全、简便的方法。     

气管球囊扩张及镍钛合金气管支架置入治疗气管、支气管内膜结核狭窄

目的探讨应用气管球囊扩张和气管镍钛合金支架置入治疗气管、支气管内膜结核狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法52例气管、支气管内膜结核狭窄者,在纤维支气管镜监测下应用气管球囊扩张气管狭窄部,然后放置镍钛合金气管支架。结果经气管球囊扩张后,镍钛合金支架均一次性放置成功,支架扩张良好;术后呼吸困难症状立即缓解,术后支架处肉芽组织增生形成再度狭窄11例（21.1%）,经激光和亚气刀灼烧通畅;1例（1.9%）气管支架移位;2例（3.8%）出现气胸和纵隔气肿;1例（1.9%）支架断裂。结论气管球囊扩张及镍钛合金气管支架置入对气管、支气管内膜结核狭窄有良好的治疗效果,是解决气管、支气管内膜结核狭窄较安全有效的方法之一。     

淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核的临床分析

目的探讨淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核(TBTB,Ⅵ型)好发人群、临床症状、影像学表现、纤支镜下表现及转归。方法分析65例TBTB(Ⅵ型)患者,总结临床症状、影像学表现、纤支镜下的表现及转归。结果 (1)好发于年轻人(20~35岁)(75.3%)。(2)入院前平均病程4月,主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰、发热、胸痛等。(3)影像学表现:肺膨胀不全,肺门影增大,气道软组织影等。(4)好发部位:左上支气管、隆突及双侧主支气管、左下支气管、右上支气管、中叶支气管。结论 (1)TBTB(Ⅵ型)症状、影像学特征不典型。(2)患者需随访纤支镜及胸部CT至气道及纵隔内病变完全吸收后方可停药,以免复发。     

肺结核患者血清中MMP-9、VEGF的水平及其意义的探讨

目的通过检测肺结核患者血清中的MMP-9、VEGF水平．讨论二者与肺结核临床特点的关系。方法采用ELISA方法检测活动性肺结核患者、肺癌患者及健康人血清MMP-9、VEGF水平。结果①肺结核患者血清MMP-9、VEGF水平显著高于健康人（P〈0．001），但显著低于肺癌患者水平（P〈0．001）；②痰菌阳性结核组血清中MMP-9、VEGF水平较痰菌阴性结核组明显增高（P〈0．05）；肺内病变广泛组血清MMP-9、VEGF水平较肺内病变局限组明显增高（P〈0．05）：肺内病变有空洞组血清MMP-9水平较肺内病变无空洞组明显增高（P〈0．05）。而血清VEGF水平在两组间无明显差别：③血清MMP-9、VEGF水平诊断活动性肺结核的敏感性和特异性均较高。结论活动性肿结核患者血清MMP-9、VEGF水平与肺结核临床特点密切相关．是具有较高价值的标志物．     

球囊扩张及支架置入治疗瘢痕性气道狭窄26例

目的探讨球囊扩张及支架置入在瘢痕性气道狭窄治疗中的作用及安全性.方法对26例不同原因引起的气管、主支气管瘢痕性狭窄或闭塞在支气管镜直视下施行了球囊扩张及镍钛记忆合金支架置入,观察了气促指数、血氧饱和度及肺部影像的变化,并随访了3～56个月.结果 26例瘢痕性气道狭窄患者均施行了球囊扩张,共置入气道支架27个,球囊扩张及支架置入后气道内径由(3.2±1.7)mm扩大至(11.5±1.8)mm,(P《0.01)呼吸困难立即缓解,气促指数由(2.8±0.6)下降至(0.6±0.5),(P《0.01),血氧饱和度由(88±2)%提高至(92±1)%,(P《0.01).术后气道肉芽组织增生4例(15.4%),经高频电凝后未再反复出现肉芽组织增生.瘢痕导致再狭窄1例(3.8%),需反复球囊扩张;并发气胸1例(3.8%),支架断裂1例(3.8%).结论支气管镜直视下球囊扩张及支架置入对瘢痕性气道狭窄治疗效果确切,并发症少.     

耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科12例住院患者死亡分析

目的:分析耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院患者死亡原因,改进诊疗抢救措施,降低死亡率。方法:对我科11年以来耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院患者死亡病例进行回顾性研究分析。结果:食管异物并发主动脉食管瘘、气管支气管异物窒息为主要的死因,死亡构成比分别为6/12和2/12。结论:体外循环下开胸手术是成功治疗食管异物并发主动脉食管瘘的关键,细致的呼吸道管理是降低窒息死亡的根本保障。     

Primary localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis presenting with massive hemoptysis: a case report and literature review

Primary localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is a rare respiratory tract dysfunction, which is a heterogeneous group of diseases involving abnormal extracellular deposition of amyloid and autologous fibrillar protein material in β‐pleated sheets. A 64‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital because of hemoptysis. Physical examination showed decreased breath sounds in the right lung on auscultation. Chest computed tomography scan displayed multiple nodules with varied size in main bronchia around bilateral hilus of the lung. After admission, bronchoscopy was performed for this patient, and roughness of mucosa in trachea and multiple nodules in respiratory tract were observed. Through further tissue biopsy, the diagnosis of primary TBA was confirmed.     

Complex airway reconstruction in children with tracheobronchial injuries: a case series

Paediatric airway surgery in the setting of complex tracheobronchial defects is challenging. This report describes the surgical management and outcomes of pericardial flap repair in three children. The first patient was a 4-month-old boy with a history of tracheoesophageal fistula repair who presented after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. He was treated by re-do tracheobronchial reconstruction of the carina using a pedicled pericardial flap. The second patient was an 11-month-old boy who presented following aspiration of a button battery. Bronchoscopy showed erosion of the battery through both main bronchi and the oesophagus. The patient underwent emergency reconstruction of the extensive tracheobronchial defect with pedicled right and left pericardial patches. The third patient was a 5-year-old girl who fell from a swing, resulting in avulsion of the right main bronchus. Pedicled pericardium was used to reconstruct the damaged posterior tracheal wall and the right and left main bronchi. All three patients underwent successful repair of complex tracheobronchial defects with good outcomes in terms of survival and quality of life during 6 to 21 months of follow-up. Pedicled pericardial flap repair may be a viable option for achieving improved results in children with severe tracheobronchial defects.     

Mycobacterium Kansasii and Osteoarticular Lesions

Four patients with an unusual type of bone lesion are reported. the histological diagnosis in two of them was non—specific chronic inflammation and one case was diagnosed as chronic eosinophilic granuloma. on subjecting the material to culture Mycobacterium Kansasii (a photochromogen) were isolated. It is suggested that M. Kansasii are capable of producing osteoarticular lesions with a rather vague clinical and radiological picture not typical of osteoarticular tuberculosis.