用Flash动态演示PN结的形成过程

本文通过用Flash 5．0制作《医学电子学》中PN结的形成过程的介绍，在熟悉Flash 5．0制作方法的同时．完成相应的多媒体教学。     

法律理念之动物文化解读

动物与法历来有着文化上的不解之缘。在中外法律思想史上 ,人们喜用各种动物以及相关的故事来阐发自己的法律思想和主张 ,用形象有趣的譬喻箴言来解说深奥艰涩的法学理念。有的作象征式解说 ,有的作寓言式的解说 ,有的作隐喻式解说 ,这些解说渗透到法学本体论、价值论、工具论、目的论、运作论及通变论等各个层面中 ,从而使得法学的理性思维获得一种鲜活的感性语境 ,也形成了一种独特的法律文化。当然 ,这种法律文化也有其黯淡的一面 ,表现为缺乏逻辑实证与规范分析 ,因此我们面对这种文化 ,还应结合法学发展的理性成果去批判地审视它     

Inhibition of transport across the hepatocyte canalicular membrane by the antibiotic fusidate

Hyperbilirubinemia is a frequent side effect induced by long-term therapy with the antibiotic fusidate. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of fusidate-induced hyperbilirubinemia by investigating its influence on hepatic transport systems in the canalicular membrane. Using canalicular membrane vesicles from rat liver, we determined the effect of fusidate on the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transport of substrates of the apical conjugate export pump, multi-drug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2, symbol Abcc2) and the bile salt export pump (Bsep, symbol Abcb11). Fusidate inhibited the ATP-dependent transport of the Mrp2 substrates 17beta-glucuronosyl estradiol and leukotriene C4, and the transport of cholyltaurine by Bsep with Ki values of 2.2+/-0.3, 7.6+/-1.3, and 5.5+/-0.8 microM, respectively. To elucidate the in vivo implication of these findings, the effect of fusidate treatment on the elimination of intravenously administered tracer doses of 17beta-glucuronosyl estradiol and cholyltaurine into bile was studied in rats. Treatment with fusidate (100 micromol/kg body weight) reduced the biliary excretion rate of 17beta-glucuronosyl [3H]estradiol and [3H]cholyltaurine by 75 and 80%, respectively. Extended treatment of rats with fusidate (100 micromol/kg body weight, three times daily i.p. for 3 days) reduced hepatic Mrp2 protein levels by 61% (P<0.001). Our data suggest that there are at least two different mechanisms involved in the impairment of transport processes and hepatobiliary elimination by fusidate, direct inhibition of transport of Mrp2 and Bsep substrates by competitive interaction and impairment by a decreased level of hepatic Mrp2.     

Potent inhibition of human folylpolyglutamate synthetase by a phosphinic acid mimic of the tetrahedral reaction intermediate

A phosphorous-containing pseudopeptide folate analog (Valiaeva et al., J Org Chem 2001;66:5146-54) was designed to mimic the tetrahedral intermediate formed in the ATP-dependent reaction catalyzed by folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS). This analog, methotrexate-phosphinate (MTX-phosphinate; 4-amino-4-deoxy-10-methylpteroyl-L-Glu-gamma-[psi(P(O)(OH)-CH(2))]glutarate), is a highly potent (K(is), 3.1+/-0.5 nM), competitive inhibitor of recombinant human cytosolic FPGS. Within experimental limits, FPGS inhibition was not time-dependent, and preincubation of FPGS, inhibitor, and ATP did not potentiate the inhibition. These results suggest that slow phosphorylation to produce a more potent inhibitor form is not involved. MTX-phosphinate was not growth inhibitory to human CCRF-CEM leukemia cells at 1 microM (70-fold above the concentration of MTX giving 50% growth inhibition), probably because of poor transport. Because of its exceedingly high potency as an FPGS inhibitor, MTX-phosphinate represents a lead structure from which cell-permeable analogs may be developed to test the hypothesis that FPGS inhibition is therapeutically efficacious.     

2004-2006年大连市饮食服务行业从业人员乙肝病毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解大连市饮食服务行业从业人员乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染情况及其动态变化。[方法]对2004～2006年大连市接受健康体检的饮食服务行业从业人员全部检测血清乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）,阳性者再检测乙肝e抗原（HBeAg）。[结果]2004-2006年合计检测60330人,检出HBsAg阳性者2702例,阳性率为4．48％;HBsAg阳性者中检出HBeAg阳性者704例,占26．05％,在全部检测对象中占1．17％。全部检测对象HBsAg阳性率与HBeAg阳性率,2004～2006年分别为6．61％、1．72％,3．90％、1．06％．4．06％、1．10％（P〈0．01）。2004～2006年合计,HBsAg阳性率,男性与女性分别为6．53Vo、3．22％（P〈0．01）,全部检测对象中HBeAg阳性率男性与女性分别为2．04％、0．63％（P〈0．01）;HBsAg阳性率与HBeAg阳性率,均有随着年龄的升高而降低的趋势（P〈0．01）;HBsAg阳性率与全部检测对象HBeAg阳性率,5类行业从业人员中均为食品加工人员较高（P〈0．01）。[结论]大连市饮食服务行业从业人员HBV感染状况不严重。     

从《周易》坤卦浅论脾脏功能

从脾之造字,可得人体之脾与自然界之土关系密切。将中医脾脏的功能(承载、化生、运达、收纳)与《周易》坤土之卦的功能(厚德载物、万物滋生、行地无疆、辟户阖户)相比较,两者皆可一一对应,以此作为佐证,可以看出中医确实是植根于中国传统文化。同时中医确为天人合一之医学,其大而无外,天地万物皆在其中,小而无内,一人之身无有其外,皆可取类比象。中医之整体观,包罗万象,宇宙自然皆在其中,并非割裂人体而谈某脏器功能。脾脏厚德载物万物滋生行地无疆辟户阖户这四大功能突出脾脏与土地的对应关系,此四种功能在人体内如环无端,不分主次,不可割裂。将中医所讲人体脏器的功能,与自然界中所对应事物的功能取类比象,将抽象的脏腑功能具体化,方便理解记忆的同时,更能使中医的核心理论得到体现。     

Disrupted thalamic resting-state functional connectivity in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Background and purpose

Little is known about the role of thalamus in the pathophysiology of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the thalamic functional connectivity was disrupted in cirrhotic patients with MHE by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).

Materials and Methods

Twenty seven MHE patients and twenty seven age- and gender- matched healthy controls participated in the rs-fMRI scans. The functional connectivity of 11 thalamic nuclei were characterized by using a standard seed-based whole-brain correlation method and compared between MHE patients and healthy controls. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the thalamic functional connectivity and venous blood ammonia levels/neuropsychological tests scores of patients.

Results

The ventral anterior nucleus (VAN) and the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMN) in each side of thalamus showed abnormal functional connectivities in MHE. Compared with healthy controls, MHE patients demonstrated significant decreased functional connectivity between the right/left VAN and the bilateral putamen/pallidum, inferior frontal gyri, insula, supplementary motor area, right middle frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus. In addition, MHE patients showed significantly decreased functional connectivity with the right/left VPMN in the bilateral middle temporal gyri (MTG), temporal lobe, and right superior temporal gyrus. The venous blood ammonia levels of MHE patients negatively correlated with the functional connectivity between the VAN and the insula. Number connecting test scores showed negative correlation with the functional connectivity between the VAN and the insula, and between the VPMN and the MTG.

Conclusion

MHE patients had disrupted thalamic functional connectivity, which mainly located in the bilateral ventral anterior nuclei and ventral posterior medial nuclei. The decreased connectivity between thalamus and many cortices, and basal ganglia indicated reduced integrity of thalamic RSN in MHE.     

Effects of baclofen on oral counting,arithmetic, and symbol decoding: An explorative multiple-baseline design across subjects

Sedation is a well-recognized side effect of the antispasticity medication baclofen. The literature discussing baclofen has shown that it is detrimental to memory and learning in individuals with known cognitive dysfunction. There is no information on how baclofen effects the function of individuals with normal baseline cognition despite frequent clinical reports of symptoms. This study explored the effect of baclofen on counting, arithmetic, and symbol decoding over a 9-week period of time on five adult males with traumatic spinal cord injury and no known cognitive dysfunction. We employed a repeated-measures, multiple baseline, double-blind, single-subject research design. The independent variable was antispasticity medication treatment, where the levels were 40 and 80 mg/day of baclofen versus placebo treatment. The dependent variables were speed and accuracy of counting integers, solving arithmetic problems, and decoding symbols. Slope and trend analysis of these data showed no change in counting and arithmetic tasks for all five subjects between each phase of the study. Changes were evident regarding ability to decode symbols, with varying trends across phases and subjects. Results of this study showed that baclofen, in low to moderate doses, did not seem to affect subjects' performance of oral counting or solving arithmetic problems. Baclofen did affect subjects' performance of symbol decoding, but with no consistent trend. These results suggest that further study of problem solving and memory funtion during baclofen administration would be useful.     

Influx and efflux transport as determinants of melphalan cytotoxicity: Resistance to melphalan in MDR1 overexpressing tumor cell lines

There is a considerable variation in efficacy of melphalan therapy in multiple myeloma (MM) and other hematopoietic tumors. We hypothesized that this may be due to variations in the expression of influx and efflux transporters of melphalan. We measured the expression of the influx transporters LAT1, LAT2, and TAT1 and the efflux transporters MDR1, MRP1 and BCRP by quantitative RT-PCR and related their expression to the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of melphalan in 7 MM and 21 non-MM hematopoietic tumor cell lines. Variation in the intracellular accumulation accounted for nearly half of the variation in the cytotoxicity of melphalan in MM cell lines (r² = 0.47, P = 0.04). High expression of the efflux transporter MDR1 was associated with low intracellular accumulation and low cytotoxicity of melphalan (r² = 0.56, P = 0.03 and r² = 0.62, P = 0.02, respectively). The effect was reversed by the MDR1 inhibitor cyclosporine. In addition, the MDR1 overexpressing HL-60 cell line showed 10-fold higher resistance to melphalan than the non-MDR1 expressing one. Again, the resistance was reversed by cyclosporine and by MDR1-specific shRNA.LAT1 was the major influx transporter in tumor cell lines with 4000-fold higher expression than LAT2. Down-regulation of LAT1 by siRNA reduced the melphalan uptake by 58% and toxicity by 3.5-fold, but natural variation in expression between the tumor cell lines was not associated with accumulation or cytotoxicity of melphalan. In conclusion, tumor-specific variations in the expression of the efflux transporter MDR1, but not of the influx transporter LAT1, affect the intracellular accumulation of melphalan and thus determine its cytotoxicity.     

Italy Between Drinking Culture and Control Policies for Alcoholic Beverages

This paper focuses on whether the on-going dramatic decrease in alcohol consumption in Italy, especially of wine, during 1961–2008, was associated with which parallel sociodemographic and economic changes and with alcohol control policies.

The study, using both time series (TS) and artificial neural network (ANN)-based analyses documents that its selected sociodemographic and economic factors, and particularly urbanization, had a definite connection with wine consumption decrease, spirits decrease, and the increase in beer consumption over time. On the other hand, control policies showed no effect on the decline in alcohol consumption, since no alcohol control policy existed in Italy between 1960 and 1987. A few policies introduced since 1988 (BAC and sale restrictions during mass events) may have contributed to reducing or to maintaining the on-going reduction. Study limitations are noted and future needed research is suggested.