Pyrroloquinolones and pyrazoloquinolones as potential antibacterial agents. Synthesis and antibacterial activity

Diethyl 1-cyclopropyl-5,7,8-trifluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3,6-dicarboxylate 4 as a key-intermediate was synthesized via the Dieckmann reaction. The reaction of 4 with nucleophiles proceeded regioselectively at C-5. Facile cyclization between the C-5 and C-6 side chains of the resulting products gave novel pyrroloquinolones 10 and 12 and pyrazoloquinolones 15. They were converted into a series of cyclic amino-substituted pyrroloquinolones 17–21 and pyrazoloquinolones 22–24, and their in vitro antibacterial activities were tested. 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinolone 17a and 2H-pyrrolo[3,4-f]quinolone 21a exhibited a potent in vitro antibacterial activity.     

Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates at a tertiary-care centre in Lebanon

The prevalence of bla _CTX-M, bla _TEM and bla _SHV genes among extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli ( n  = 50) and Klebsiella spp. ( n  = 50) from Lebanon was 96%, 57% and 67%, and 40%, 82% and 84%, respectively. Genotyping revealed that the clonal diversity was unrelated to the presence of bla genes. Sequence analysis of 16 selected isolates identified the bla _CTX-M-15, bla _TEM-1, bla _OXA-1 and six bla _SHV genes, as well as the gene encoding the quinolone-modifying enzyme AAC(6')-Ib-cr. The genes encoding CTX-M-15 and AAC(6')-Ib-cr were carried on a 90-kb plasmid of the pC15-1a or pCTX-15 type, which transferred both ESBL production and quinolone resistance from donors to transconjugants.     

Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrS in Enterobacter cloacae

PCR was used to investigate the occurrence of the plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants qnrA and qnrS among diarrhoeagenic enterobacterial isolates recovered from Hanoi, Vietnam, during the period March 2001 to April 2002. In total, 162 Escherichia coli isolates, 28 Shigella isolates and three Enterobacter cloacae isolates were negative for qnrA, while a single Ent. cloacae isolate harboured a 50-kb qnrS-positive conjugative plasmid. Cloning and sequencing identified a qnrS gene bracketed by open reading frames identical to those surrounding the qnrS gene of a Shigella flexneri isolate from Japan, thereby suggesting a common mechanism of acquisition.     

对喹诺酮类药物耐药的志贺菌gyrA基因突变的研究

目的研究福氏志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法对38株耐药的福氏志贺菌gyrA基因的N末端编码区进行PCR扩增后,用SSCP方法检测突变,然后测序。结果福氏志贺菌gyrA基因PCR-SSCP显示有8株突变,测序结果揭示存在2个导致氨基酸改变的基因点突变:83位TCG(Ser)→TTG(Leu)突变和87位GAC(Asp)→GGC(Gly)突变。结论gyrA基因点突变与福氏志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物的高水平耐药有密切关系。     

耐喹诺酮类福氏志贺菌基因突变分析

目的研究福氏志贺菌DNA旋转酶gyrA基因、拓扑异构酶ⅣparC基因突变与其喹诺酮类药物耐药的关系.方法对临床收集的1株喹诺酮类药物敏感福氏志贺菌、2株喹诺酮类药物耐药程度不同的福氏志贺菌,对上述2个靶基因进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增及核酸序列分析.结果首次发现临床分离喹诺酮类耐药福氏志贺菌parC基因突变,导致121,129,131,134,141,L51位5个位点氨基酸编码改变;耐药程度较高的菌株共发现gyrA、parC基因上6个突变位点,耐药程度较低的菌株发现gyrA基因1个突变位点.结论福氏志贺菌DNA旋转酶gyrA基因和拓扑异构酶ⅣparC基因突变均与其喹诺酮类药物耐药有关,靶基因突变位点数量可能与喹诺酮类药物耐药程度有关,临床耐药株靶基因突变存在多态性.     

结核分枝杆菌Rv2994基因原核表达及鉴定

目的构建结核分枝杆菌Rv2994基因原核表达载体并进行表达,为进一步研究奠定基础。方法PCR扩增Rv2994基因编码序列,定向克隆入融合蛋白原核表达载体pGEX-1λT获得重组表达质粒pGEX-2994,转化大肠杆菌测序后诱导表达,纯化目的蛋白并免疫新西兰大白兔获取多价抗体。结果从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株基因组DNA中扩增出Rv2994基因,成功构建了融合表达质粒pGEX-Rv2994,转化大肠杆菌JM109后,经IPTG诱导,表达出约73kDa重组融合蛋白,用Western blotting证实其有良好的抗原性,纯化蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔,获得了高效价的抗体。结论成功构建了原核表达载体pGEX-2994,获得并纯化了GST-Rv2994融合蛋白,制备了高效价的多价血清,为Rv2994基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药作用的研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞茵对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性及其机制。方法收集、分离及鉴定从四川大学华西医院分离的27株铜绿假单胞茵,测定5种喹诺酮类药物的最低抑茵浓度（MIC）及碳酰氰基-对-氯苯腙（CCCP）对喹诺酮类药物的体外抗茵活性。采用RT—PCR方法扩增铜绿假单胞茵外膜蛋白基因oprM,PCR方法扩增外排蛋白阻遏基因mexR、质粒qnr基因。结果5种喹诺酮类药物中没有一种对27株铜绿假单胞菌完全敏感,均出现了比较高的耐药水平,且具有交叉耐药性。CCCP能使部分耐药 细菌的MIC逆转。耐药菌株oprM基因在RNA水平上表达增加,mexR经DNA测序表明临床分离铜绿假单胞菌主动外排耐药株基因在编码66住氨基酸处发生了碱基突变oqnr基因经PCR扩增后电泳无条带显示,表明没有质粒介导的耐药产生。结论成都地区铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株对5种喹诺酮类药物呈现交叉耐药。主动外排是导致铜绿假单胞菌耐药性的重要因素。     

新型喹诺酮类抗菌药加雷沙星

加雷沙星为一新型广谱喹诺酮类抗茵药,它不仅保持了喹诺酮类抗菌药对G-菌的抗茵活性,对G 菌的抗菌活性也明显增强,临床主要用于治疗呼吸系统感染,泌尿系统感染和皮肤,软组织感染等疾病.其结构中喹诺酮母核6位去除氟不但可以改善活性,而且可降低药物不良反应.现对其药动学、药理作用、临床应用及安全性等作一综述.     

加替沙星注射液的研制和质量控制

目的 :探讨加替沙星注射液的处方、制备工艺及质量控制方法。方法 :以盐酸、氢氧化钠为 pH调节剂及氯化钠为等渗调节剂制备加替沙星注射液 ;采用高效液相色谱法测定本品的含量。结果 :制备的加替沙星注射液 (pH 5 .0 )在高温 (80°C)、光照(3 60 0lx) 1 0d及室温留样考察 2 4mo ,物理及化学性质稳定。结论 :处方及工艺经中试放大制备的注射液性质稳定 ;质量控制方法准确可靠 ;可满足临床用药要求。     

Evaluation and in vivo efficacy study of pyrano[3,2‐c]quinoline analogues as TNF‐α inhibitors

A series of pyrano[3,2 c]quinoline was evaluated for its in vivo efficacy as TNF‐α inhibitor using LPS, phosphodiesterase (PDE)‐4, and CIA assays in different mice/rat models. The synthesis was performed using one‐pot multicomponent condensation between 2,4‐dihydroxy‐1‐methylquinoline, malononitrile, and diverse un(substituted) aromatic aldehydes. In vivo efficacy of the title compounds was evaluated using LPS assay in BALB/c mice, PDE4 inhibition in ketamine–xylazine‐induced anesthetize SD rats, and CIA assay was performed in DBA/1J mice as per the standard literature protocols. The outcome of the study revealed that compound 4v was found to be most promising candidate of the series. It was efficacious with 48.8 ± 13.0% inhibition of TNF‐α release at 100 mg/kg p.o., in the LPS assay in Balb/c mice model. It was effective in PDE4 assay in ketamine–xylazine‐induced anesthetize SD rats with duration of 38.3 ± 4.5 min for reversal of anesthetic effect and also showed significant inhibition of PDE4 in salbutamol treated U937 cell assay. It was also abolished TNF‐α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Ultimately, its effect on CIA‐related bone and cartilage damage was found statistically similar to Enbrel.