现代院前急救体系的构建

充分分析目前中国的院前急救体系，剖析中国院前急救的现状及需求，构建出具有中山特色的院前急救体系。通过中国经济发达地区中、小城市院前急救体系的构建，完善EMSS体系，着重加强院前急救的救治能力和水平．从而促进了整体急救水平的提高。     

CBRN considerations in a major incident

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards may be encountered during any major incident. General considerations include modifications to triage, managing contaminated or contagious casualties, and the identification and appropriate management of intoxicated/infected/irradiated/injured casualties. In dealing with chemical incidents, characteristics such as toxicity, latency and persistency need to be understood in order to manage casualties appropriately in terms of triage category, life-saving interventions and assessment of contamination risk to responders. Biological agents can be differentiated into live agents (bacteria, viruses and fungi) and toxins. Live agent characteristics and management depend on pathogenicity, virulence, lethality, infectivity and transmissibility, whereas toxins are treated similarly to chemical agents. Radiological and nuclear hazards are managed similarly and may cause irradiation, contamination (external and internal) or a combination with or without trauma. A generic and structured approach is advised to deal with all major incidents including those with a suspected of confirmed CBRN hazard. All healthcare professionals that may be involved in the response to such an incident need to be familiar with the principles of CBRN incident management and of CBRN casualty management as described in this article.     

严重创伤院前急救中值得探讨的几个问题

院前急救是严重创伤救治链中非常重要的一环,也是创伤救治体系"三环理论"中的一个基本环节,是我国急救医疗服务体系中的重要组成部分,是提高严重创伤救治成功率、降低死亡率的根本保证。目前国内院前急救的模式还不统一,存在较多争议,但创伤院前急救的"快、准、稳"是院前急救工作者永远追求的目标。通过回顾文献、结合临床工作经历,就创伤院前急救中涉及的几个问题做一初步探讨,供同仁参考。     

浅谈医院急抢救设备的合理分布和管理

介绍了急抢救设备的管理现状,针对医疗机构急抢救设备管理中普遍存在的问题,结合某院对急抢救设备的管理经验,探讨了急抢救设备合理分布和管理的方法,最大程度地发挥了急抢救设备的效能,进一步提高了危病重患者的存活率,降低了在院患者的死亡率,提升了医院急抢救的水平。     

做好严重创伤早期救治的几个关键环节

做好严重创伤早期救治的各个环节对提高创伤救治的整体水平具有非常重要的意义。应尽量缩短院前时间,做好院前急救的各项措施;充分发挥绿色通道的作用;处理好检诊和早期手术的关系;掌握多发伤的伤情特点和救治程序,做好多专业的合作;救治过程中优先处理危及生命的损伤;合理应用损害控制技术。     

床头型急救车在病区急救准备中的效果观察

目的 观察自主创新研制的一款床头型急救车在急救准备中的使用效果。方法 选择泗洪县中医院呼吸内科、神经内科、胸外科、神经外科共30名护士为操作对象,采用模拟抢救考核的方式,要求她们分别采用传统的常规方法（常规法）和床头型急救车方法（改进法）完成急救准备,纪录两种方法的急救准备时间、物品准备齐全率及物品摆放合理性,并进行对比分析。结果 按常规方法,急救准备耗时（260.0±49.6）s,物品准备齐全率46.7%;使用床头型急救车方法,急救准备耗时（159.2±13.9）s,物品准备齐全率93.3%,两组比较差异均有统计学差异（P<0.01）。使用床头型急救车方法的物品摆放更为整齐、合理。结论 床头型急救车在抢救患者时可以减少抢救准备用时,提高物品准备齐全率,使物品摆放更规范安全,值得临床推广使用。     

Pre-hospital and hospital time delays in thrombolytic treatment in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: Analysis of data from the EMIP study

OBJECTIVES: To compare the components of the time delay involved in pre-hospitaland hospital thrombolytic therapy in patients presenting withsuspected acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 1988 to January 1992 a total of 198 mobile emergencyunits in 15 European countries and Canada randomized 5469 patientsto receive either pre-hospital thrombolytic treatment, followedby placebo in hospital (pre-hospital group), or pre-hospitalplacebo, followed by thrombolytic treatment in hospital (hospitalgroup) in the European Myocardial Infarction Project trial.We performed a post hoc analysis of these data to correlatecomponents of the interval between symptom onset and treatmentwith baseline patient characteristics. RESULTS: The delay between onset of symptoms and calling for an ambulancewas significantly longer for female patients (P0·0001),older patients (>65 years old; P=0·0001), those whohad experienced pain within the previous 24 h (P=0·0001),and those with pulmonary oedema (P=0·04). This delaywas significantly shorter in patients with previous myocardialinfarction (P=0·02), those with ventricular fibrillation(P=0·0001), and those in shock (P0·0001). Thedelay between the two injections was significantly longer forolder patients (>65 years old; P=0·02), those withprevious myocardial infarction (P=0·03), and those inshock (P=0·003). CONCLUSIONS: Action undertaken to reduce delays between symptom onset andtreatment should focus on modifiable factors such as patientswho are likely to be late callers, i.e. women and those over65 years of age.     

Data quality of a wearable vital signs monitor in the pre-hospital and emergency departments for enhancing prediction of needs for life-saving interventions in trauma patients

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the quality of data in the pre-hospital and emergency departments when using a wearable vital signs monitor and examine the efficacy of a combined model of standard vital signs and respective data quality indices (DQIs) for predicting the need for life-saving interventions (LSIs) in trauma patients. It was hypothesised that prediction of needs for LSIs in trauma patients is associated with data quality. Also, a model utilizing vital signs and DQIs to predict the needs for LSIs would be able to outperform models using vital signs alone. Data from 104 pre-hospital trauma patients transported by helicopter were analysed, including means and standard deviations of continuous vital signs, related DQIs and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores for LSI and non-LSI patient groups. DQIs involved percentages of valid measurements and mean deviation ratios. Various multivariate logistic regression models for predicting LSI needs were also obtained and compared through receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Demographics of patients were not statistically different between LSI and non-LSI patient groups. In addition, ROC curves demonstrated better prediction of LSI needs in patients using heart rate and DQIs (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.86) than using heart rate alone (AUC of 0.73). Likewise, ROC curves demonstrated better prediction using heart rate, total GCS score and DQIs (AUC of 0.99) than using heart rate and total GCS score (AUC of 0.92). AUCs were statistically different (p?<?0.05). This study showed that data quality could be used in addition to continuous vital signs for predicting the need for LSIs in trauma patients. Importantly, trauma systems should incorporate processes to regulate data quality of physiologic data in the pre-hospital and emergency departments. By doing so, data quality could be improved and lead to better prediction of needs for LSIs in trauma patients.     

地铁员工急救认知及培训需求现状调查

目的:调查地铁员工急救知识、态度现状,了解其培训需求,为有效对其开展急救培训提供依据。方法:采用简单随机抽样法抽取150名地铁员工作为调查对象,采用自编问卷对其进行人口学资料、急救知识、态度、培训需求与现状调查,并分析其结果。结果:地铁员工急救知识得分较低,态度得分较高,急救培训率高于普通公众,98.7%的调查对象认为自己有必要接受急救培训。结论:地铁员工对急救知识掌握不佳,亟待提高;急救态度较积极,培训需求强烈。建议对其采用多形式结合的急救培训模式,同时配合模拟急救实战演练,并加大相关普法宣传力度。