吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of morphine preconditioning-postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Male SD rats weighing 180-200 g were killed after intraperitoneal injection of heparin 500 U/kg. The hearts were immediately removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution gassed with 95%O2-5%CO2 .HR and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. Forty isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group 1 (I/R); group II morphine preconditioning (M1 ); group Ⅲ morphine postconditioning (M2); group IV M1 + M2; group V 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) + M2. Group M1 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 20 min 30 min before ischemia followed by 10 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group 5-HD + M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L+ 5-HD 10-4 mmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Myocardial CK-MB activity was measured and myocardial infarct size (IS/AAR) detennined (by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium staining) at the end of 60 min reperfusion. Results The preconditioning, postconditioning and combination of preconditioning and postconditioning with morphine 3.0 μmol/L perfusion for 10 min all provided cardio-protective effects in terms of IS/AAR and myocardial activation of CK-MB. Conclusion Although the combination of morphine preconditioning and postconditioning can protect the heart against I/R injury, the effects are similar to those of either of them alone, and the reason may be that either of them alone protects the heart against I/R injury via activating mitoKATP .     

吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

Objective To evaluate the effects of morphine preconditioning-postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Male SD rats weighing 180-200 g were killed after intraperitoneal injection of heparin 500 U/kg. The hearts were immediately removed and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus with K-H solution gassed with 95%O2-5%CO2 .HR and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were measured from a fluid-filled latex balloon in the left ventricle. Global myocardial ischemia was induced by interrupting perfusion for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion. Forty isolated rat hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 each): group 1 (I/R); group II morphine preconditioning (M1 ); group Ⅲ morphine postconditioning (M2); group IV M1 + M2; group V 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) + M2. Group M1 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 20 min 30 min before ischemia followed by 10 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Group 5-HD + M2 was perfused with K-H solution containing morphine 3.0 μmol/L+ 5-HD 10-4 mmol/L for 10 min at the beginning of reperfusion followed by 50 min normal K-H solution perfusion. Myocardial CK-MB activity was measured and myocardial infarct size (IS/AAR) detennined (by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium staining) at the end of 60 min reperfusion. Results The preconditioning, postconditioning and combination of preconditioning and postconditioning with morphine 3.0 μmol/L perfusion for 10 min all provided cardio-protective effects in terms of IS/AAR and myocardial activation of CK-MB. Conclusion Although the combination of morphine preconditioning and postconditioning can protect the heart against I/R injury, the effects are similar to those of either of them alone, and the reason may be that either of them alone protects the heart against I/R injury via activating mitoKATP .     

缺血后处理与心肌保护

随着心脏外科手术和介入治疗的增加，人们越来越重视其中的主要病理生理过程——心肌缺血再灌注损伤（myocardium ischemic-reperfusion injury，MIRI）。MIRI是指心肌缺血一定时间后即使恢复血液灌注，仍将引起心肌功能障碍和结构损害，表现为致死性再灌注损伤、心肌顿抑、心律失常和能量代谢改变。其发病机制仍未完全阐明，通常认为与氧自由基、钙超载、中性粒细胞、微血管损伤和能量代谢障碍等有关。近年来对其发生机制和防治方法的研究越来越深入，发现缺血后处理（ischemic postconditioning，IPO）。有很好的心肌保护作用。现就IPO对心肌缺血和再灌注损伤的保护作用、可能机制及其意义作一综述。     

树鼩脑缺血后适应升高海马区rCBF及VEGF的变化

目的 探讨缺血后适应(PC)缓解海马rCBF与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的变化及其机制.方法 建立树鼩血栓性局部脑缺血模型,通过激光多普勒血流计测量海马CA1区rCBF含量;用免疫组化法测定海马VEGF的表达.结果 树鼩脑缺血时海马rCBF逐渐降低,以24 h的改变最显著,脑缺血后海马CA1区VEGF阳性细胞数增多,12 h表达最强(P<0.01);缺血PC可显著影响缺血所致的改变:rCBF逐渐增加,72 h最显著(P<0.01),与此同时VEGF的表达除8 h外均比血栓性缺血组增强(P<0.01),12 h组最明显;电镜显示缺血24 h血栓性缺血组的海马线粒体应激及内质网池形成最明显,给予PC后得以缓解.结论 缺血12 h内PC通过明显增强VEGF的表达可能与其改善rCBF有关,从而延长治疗的时间窗.     

缺血后适应对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法:应用线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型；21只雄性SD大鼠随机分为缺血/再灌注组、夹闭单侧颈总动脉后处理组和夹闭双侧颈总动脉后处理组，每组7只。再灌注48 h，测定脑梗死体积；拔栓后1 h及处死大鼠前进行神经功能测定；梗死即刻、梗死后10 min、术中1 h、拔栓后即刻、每次夹/松颈总动脉时、干预后30 min等15个时点监测脑血流。结果:夹闭单侧、双侧颈总动脉后处理组大鼠脑组织梗死体积与缺血/再灌注组相比明显减小，有显著差异；3组脑血流各个时点方差分析差异无显著，但是夹闭双侧颈总动脉后处理组干预30 min后脑血流百分比较缺血/再灌注组、夹闭单侧颈总动脉后处理组降低9％。手术后1 h 3组神经功能评分P<0.05，差异显著，夹闭单侧、双侧颈总动脉后处理组神经功能缺损均比缺血/再灌注组减轻。结论:缺血后适应能够明显减小梗塞体积，改善大鼠术后1h神经功能评分，可能与缺血后适应调节早期再灌注时血流动力学状态有关。     

缺血后处理改善微循环、减轻骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的实验研究

目的:观察缺血后处理(I-postC)对大鼠后肢骨骼肌微循环和缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的影响。方法:健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只,随机分为3个实验组,即I/R组、I-postC组和预处理(IPC)组(n均=8),左后肢作为自身对照。无创动脉夹夹闭右侧股动脉4h,松夹再灌注2h建立大鼠后肢I/R模型。于再灌注结束时分别检测大鼠胫前肌血氧饱和度(StO2)、微循环、血流动力学变化以及骨骼肌湿、干重比值(W/D)和骨骼肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:(1)再灌注I-postC减轻I/R对心功能的抑制,I-postC组+dp/dtmax和-dp/dtmax较I/R组分别增高18.5%和21.3%(P<0.05),I-postC组W/D较I/R组降低4.9%(P<0.05);I-postC组MDA较I/R组降低40.9%(P<0.05)。(2)再灌注I-postC组实验侧细静脉血流速度较I/R组增加8.3%(P<0.05),细动、静脉收缩减轻(细动、静脉内径较I/R组分别增加14.8%和29.1%,P<0.05),与IPC的保护效果接近(P>0.05)。结论:I-postC显著减轻骨骼肌I/R损伤,其保护机制与改善微循环有关。     

缺血后处理改善前壁急性心肌梗死患者再灌注心肌长轴的收缩功能

目的：探讨缺血后处理(ischemic postconditioning,IPTC)是否能改善左心室受损的局部或整体长轴的收缩功 能。方法：试验分为PCI组、PCI+IPTC组及对照组。PCI组为前壁急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者32例,行首次急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI) 术;PCI+IPTC组为前壁急性STEMI患者28例,行急诊PCI联合IPTC术;对照组为30例,行冠状动脉造影术。采集术 前,术后0.5 h,1 d,3 d,1周,1个月和6个月二维动态超声心动图。对比研究PCI组、PCI+IPTC组与对照组各时间点 局部与整体长轴应变参数。结果：PCI+IPTC组PCI术后1周内左心室梗死节段长轴应变高于PCI组(P<0.05),左心室整 体长轴应变较PCI组有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PCI+IPTC组术后远期左心室局部及整体长轴应变与 PCI组比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论：IPTC可改善前壁急性STEMI患者PCI术后早期左心室再灌注心肌 的长轴收缩功能。     

Postconditioning’s Protection of THSG on Cardiac Ischemia-reperfusion Injury and Mechanism

Ischemic preconditioning or drug precondition-ing can markedly attenuate the myocardial ischemi-a-reperfusion injury.In recent years,Vinten-Jon-hansenet alreported the phenomenon of ischemiapostconditioning’s protection[1].The differencebetween theischemic pre-and post-preconditioningis that the former makes the myocardia transientischemia beforelong-termischemia to attenuate themyocardial injury following long-term ischemia-reperfusion,while thelatter means a methodto at-tenuate the reperfus…     

Postconditioning Protects Skeletal Muscle Against a Long-Lasting Vascular Occlusion

ABSTRACT

Purpose/Aim of the Study: Long-lasting lower limb arterial occlusion is a condition with high incidence and complication rates. With the absence of appropriate treatment to cure advanced complications, mortality rates are high. Postconditioning (PC) might be capable of limiting the degree of ischemic-reperfusion (IR) injuries, thus reducing complications and mortality rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of postconditioning during the first postoperative day on skeletal muscle after a long-lasting arterial occlusion. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 72) underwent 8 hr of infrarenal aortic occlusion followed by 2, 6, 12, or 24 hr of reperfusion. In one group of each reperfusion period, postconditioning was applied. Muscle samples were collected for histological examinations. Furthermore, muscle fiber viability and muscle wet-to-dry ratio were assessed. Blood samples were taken for creatine-kinase measurements. Results: Postconditioning strongly reduced morphological injury compared to the corresponding ischemic-reperfusion group (p < .001). Serum creatine-kinase levels showed a peak at 6 hr post-ischemia (IR: 6702.2 ± 797.5; PC: 5523.3 ± 769.3 IU/l) and decreased to normal level by the end of the experiment (Sham: 171.5 ± 71.6; IR: 186.2 ± 82.7; PC: 174.2 ± 72.4 IU/l). Creatine-kinase levels were significantly reduced by postconditioning (p_2hr = .028; p_6hr = .06; p_12hr = .042). A marked decrease in viability was observed in the ischemic-reperfusion groups (2 hr: 11.0 ± 4.1; 6 hr: 10.3 ± 3.6; 12 hr: 9.4 ± 3.3; 24 hr: 8.6 ± 2.8%), whereas with postconditioning, viability was preserved (2 hr: 26.4 ± 5.5; 6 hr: 24.6 ± 4.5; 12 hr: 24.5 ± 6.8; 24 hr: 26.2 ± 6.1%; p < .001); moreover, a significant decrease in the wet-to-dry ratio was achieved (p < .001). Conclusion: Postconditioning was able to reduce local complications after a long-lasting lower limb vascular occlusion.     

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B通过上调内皮型一氧化氮合酶参与远端缺血后处理的脑保护作用

目的 探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路在远端缺血后处理(remote ischemic postconditioning,RIPoC)减少大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia/repeffusion,I/R)损伤中的作用.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠100只,体重为200 g～250 g,按随机数字表法随机分为5组(每组20只):假手术组(S组)、缺血/冉灌注组(I/R组)、缺血/冉灌注+远端缺血后处理组(I/R+RIPoC组)、左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯( L-NAME)+缺血/再灌注+远端缺血后处理组(L-NAME+I/R+RIPoC组),以及LY294002+缺血/再灌注+远端缺血后处理组(LY+I/R+RIPoC组).采用四动脉阻断法建立大鼠全脑I/R模型.S组不制备全脑I/R模型；I/R+RIPoC组、L-NAME+I/R+RIPoC组及LY+I/R+RIPoC组于再灌注开始行双侧股动脉缺血15 min,再灌注15 min,共3个循环.L-NAME+I/R+RIPoC组于脑缺血前10 min腹腔注射非选择性一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂L-NAME,LY+I/R+RIPoC组于脑缺血前10 min侧脑室注射PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002.脑再灌注48 h时行海马CA1区DNA原位末端缺口标记技术(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)阳性细胞计数,测定海马CA1区抗磷酸化的eNOS抗体(p-eNOS)、eNOS、p-Akt及Akt的蛋白水平,再灌注4d时行Morris水迷宫实验,再灌注7d时计算海马CA1区神经元密度.结果 与S组比较,I/R组、I/R+RIPoC组、L-NAME+I/R+RIPoC组及LY+I/R+RIPoC组再灌注时海马CA1区凋亡细胞[(0.8±0.8)、(84.7±6.8)、(52.8±7.8)、(74.3±9.0)、(79.5±7.3)个/mm]增加(P＜0.01),行为学损伤增加(P＜0.01),神经元密度[(193±7)、(10±7)、(91±11)、(38±7)、(26±7)个/mm]降低(P＜0.01).与I/R组比较,I/R+RIPoC组再灌注时凋亡细胞减少(P＜0.01),行为学损伤减少(P＜0.01),神经元密度增加(P＜0.01).与I/R+RIPoC组比较,L-NAME+I/R+RIPoC组及LY+I/R+RIPoC组再灌注时凋亡细胞增加(P＜0.01),行为学损伤增加(P＜0.01),神经元密度降低(P＜0.01).L-NAME能够抑制RIPoC后p-eNOS( 0.48±0.03、0.23 ±0.04)和eNOS (0.91±0.07、0.64±0.06)的升高(P＜0.01),LY294002不仅能抑制RIPoC后p-Akt (0.74±0.06、0.44±0.04)的升高(P＜0.01),而且能抑制RIPoC后p-eNOS( 0.48±0.03、0.23±0.04)和eNOS( 0.91±0.07、0.63±0.06)的升高(P＜0.01).结论 RIPoC能够减轻大鼠全脑I/R损伤,其作用机制与PI3K/Akt途径介导的eNOS激活和上调有关.