Excitation-contraction coupling in femoral arterial smooth muscle in response to noradrenalin

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine -     

两种方式注射治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血的疗效研究

目的探讨胃镜下去甲肾上腺素药物喷洒与肾上腺素注射治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血的疗效。方法 160例符合纳入标准的非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血患者按治疗方案分为药物喷洒组(80例)和药物注射组(80例)。所有患者均给予上消化道大出血的常规治疗。药物喷洒组患者在胃镜下给予去甲肾上腺素喷洒治疗,而药物注射组在胃镜下给予肾上腺素注射治疗。观察两组患者治疗疗效、止血时间、再出血率及不良反应发生情况。结果药物注射组的治疗总有效率为95.0%,明显高于药物喷洒组的80.0%(P0.05)。与药物喷洒组相比,药物注射组的止血时间明显缩短,再出血率明显降低(均P0.05)。治疗过程中,两组均未发生严重不良反应,其不良反应发生率在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胃镜下肾上腺素注射是非静脉曲张性上消化道大出血的有效治疗方案,可以提高治疗有效率,缩短止血时间,且不良反应轻,疗效优于去甲肾上腺素喷洒治疗,临床上值得进一步研究。     

去甲肾上腺素在高原大鼠脑水肿形成中作用的实验研究

目的 探讨去甲肾上腺素（noradrenalin,NA）在高原脑水肿形成中的作用。方法 建立大鼠模拟高原7000m低氧低压模型。NA对照组大鼠分别给予NA 0mg／kg（生理盐水0．2m1）（正常对照）、1mg／kg（LNA）、2mg／kg（MNA）及5mg／kg（HNA）腹腔注射;NA高原组大鼠分别给予NA0mg／kg（生理盐水0．2m1）（高原对照）、1mg／kg（hLNA）、2mg／kg（hMNA）及5mg／kg（hHNA）腹腔注射后迅速置入低压舱内。应用脑干湿重比率法定量脑水肿情况,应用荧光素钠透过率测定BBB通透性。结果 正常对照、LNA、MNA及HNA组之间脑含水率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。高原对照组脑含水率与正常对照组相比有明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,hLNA、hMNA及hHNA组与相应LNA、MNA及HNA组相比脑含水率差异有统计学意义（分别为P〈0．01,P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。hLNA组脑含水率与高原对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,hMNA及hHNA组脑含水率与高原对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。正常对照、LNA及MNA之间NaF1差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,HNA NaF1与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。高原对照组NaF1与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,hLNA、hMNA及hHNA组与相应LNA、MNA及HNA组相比,NaF1均差异有统计学意义（分别为P〈0．01,P〈0．001,P〈0．001）。hLNA组NaF1与高原对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,hMNA及hHNA组NaF1与高原对照组相比差异有统计学意义（分别为P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论 在高原状态下去甲肾上腺素可使血脑屏障通透性显著增高,诱发高原脑水肿加重。     

萘哌地尔抗大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用

目的研究萘哌地尔(naftopidil,Naf)对去甲肾上腺素(noradrenalin,NA)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMCs)增殖的影响并探讨其机制。方法培养的VSMCs经NA诱导其增殖,分别用MTT比色法和细胞计数法检测Naf对VSMCs增殖的影响;荧光法测定细胞内钙浓度([Ca2+]i)及Real-TimeRT-PCR检测c-myc、c-fos、高血压相关基因(hypertension related gene-1,HRG-1)mRNA的表达。结果萘哌地尔(10-7～10-6mol·L-1)能够抑制NA诱导的VSMCs增殖,并明显降低VSMCs[Ca2+]i,降低c-myc、c-fos mRNA表达,增加HRG-1 mRNA的表达。结论萘哌地尔明显抑制NA诱导的VSMCs增殖,作用机制可能与其降低VSMCs[Ca2+]i、拮抗NA上调c-myc、c-fos mRNA的表达和拮抗NA下调HRG-1 mRNA的表达有关。     

Nuclear organization of catecholaminergic neurons in the brains of a lar gibbon and a chimpanzee

Using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, we describe the nuclear parcellation of the catecholaminergic system in the brains of a lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The parcellation of catecholaminergic nuclei in the brains of both apes is virtually identical to that observed in humans and shows very strong similarities to that observed in mammals more generally, particularly other primates. Specific variations of this system in the apes studied include an unusual high-density cluster of A10dc neurons, an enlarged retrorubral nucleus (A8), and an expanded distribution of the neurons forming the dorsolateral division of the locus coeruleus (A4). The additional A10dc neurons may improve dopaminergic modulation of the extended amygdala, the enlarged A8 nucleus may be related to the increased use of communicative facial expressions in the hominoids compared to other primates, while the expansion of the A4 nucleus appears to be related to accelerated evolution of the cerebellum in the hominoids compared to other primates. In addition, we report the presence of a compact division of the locus coeruleus proper (A6c), as seen in other primates, that is not present in other mammals apart from megachiropteran bats. The presence of this nucleus in primates and megachiropteran bats may reflect homology or homoplasy, depending on the evolutionary scenario adopted. The fact that the complement of homologous catecholaminergic nuclei is mostly consistent across mammals, including primates, is advantageous for the selection of model animals for the study of specific dysfunctions of the catecholaminergic system in humans.     

Progressive central hypovolaemia in man—resulting in a vasovagal syncope?

Summary. Hypotensive functional haemorrhage induced by venous pooling of blood in the legs has been reported to be characterized by a vasovagal reaction. In the present study these observations were extended by determination of the hormonal profile developed during progressive central hypovolaemia and an emotionally induced vasovagal syncope. In six subjects venous pooling resulted in normotensive central hypovolaemia, in one subject hypotensive central hypovolaemia was induced, and one subject experienced an emotionally induced vasovagal syncope. During normotensive central hypovolaemia heart rate increased from 58 ± 4 to 76 ± 4 beats min^-1 (P<0·05) and cardiac output fell from 6·1 ± 0·4 to 4·1 ± 0·21 min^-1. Pulse pressure and central venous pressure decreased from 64 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 mmHg, and from 8 ± 2 to 3 ± 2 mmHg, respectively. Adrenalin and noradrenalin increased from 87 ± 10 to 120 ± 20 pg/ml and from 196 ± 33 to 370 ± 50 pg/ml, respectively. Angiotensin II increased from 13 ± 4 to 36 ± 6 pg/ml and aldosterone from 63 ± 9 to 180 ± 27 pg/ml. In hypotensive central hypovolaemia the decrease in mean arterial pressure was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate and increments in the plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide, indicating increased vagal activity and β-endorphin, while plasma noradrenalin was unchanged. In emotionally induced syncope heart rate decreased to cardiac arrest for 13 s, associated with increments in the plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and β-endorphin. It is concluded (1) that normotensive functional haemorrhage in man is associated with increased sympathetic activity and (2) that the qualitatively similar observations obtained during an emotionally and a hypovolaemic-induced hypotensive episode indicate that the hypotensive functional haemorrhage is characterized by a vasovagal reaction.     

Monoamine activity reflected in urine of young patients with obsessive compulsive disorder,psychosis with and without reality distortion and healthy subjects: an explorative analysis

Summary Positive psychotic symptoms are reported to be associated with high, negative symptoms with low dopamine (DA) activity and serotonin (5HT) activity may be altered in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We analysed 24 h urine samples in these patient groups and in healthy controls for supportive evidence. Young unmedicated OCD subjects excreted more adrenaline (AD) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and showed a higher HVA/MHPG ratio and metabolic rate than healthy controls. Independent of general metabolic rate they showed higher HVA concentrations which suggests that the relative activity of catecholamine systems in OCD (HVA/MHPG) is due more to high DA than to low noradrenergic (NA) activity. Concentrations of 5HT were also high in OCD patients. In psychotic patients low levels of DA, HVA, NA and MHPG probably resulted from neuroleptic medication. Patients diagnosed with paranoid psychosis showed higher DA utilization than controls and those with few paranoid symptoms showed high 5HT utilization. These results support studies suggesting that paranoid psychosis is associated more with increased DA activity (discussed in the context of neuroleptic reactivity), that non-paranoid forms are associated more with increased 5HT activity and that OCD patients are unusually aroused with high levels of Ad, 5HT and HVA.