伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的 CML 患者更换二代 TKI治疗的疗效观察及相关因素分析

目的：观察伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的慢性髓性白血病(CML)患者更换二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)后的疗效,分析相关因素对疗效的影响。方法随机选取伊马替尼耐药或不耐受而转用二代 TKI(达沙替尼和尼洛替尼)的患者各25例,监测患者3个月或6个月时 BCR/ ABL 融合基因定量结果,分析患者在6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%这一“最佳”疗效与换药原因、换药时分期、换药时血液学缓解状态、换药后依从性之间的关系。结果因耐药或不耐受而换用二代 TKI 的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有16例(41．0%)和9例(81．8%);转用二代 TKI 时处于慢性期和进展期的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有23例(76．7%)和2例(10．0%);转用二代 TKI 时未丧失完全血液学缓解(CHR)和丧失 CHR 的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有16例(72．7%)和9例(32．1%);转用二代TKI 后依从性好和依从性差的患者6个月达到 BCR/ ABL≤10%分别有23例(74．2%)和2例10．5%)。结论伊马替尼耐药或不耐受的 CML 患者改用二代 TKI 药物可取得一定的疗效,且两种二代 TKI 药物(达沙替尼、尼洛替尼)疗效差异无统计学意义。因不耐受而换药的患者的疗效要优于因耐药而换药的患者;换药时处于慢性期的患者的疗效要优于换药时处于进展期的患者;换药时未丧失 CHR 的患者的疗效要优于丧失 CHR 的患者;服用二代 TKI 药物依从性好的患者的疗效要优于依从性差的患者。     

Nilotinib alone or in combination with selumetinib is a drug candidate for neurofibromatosis type 2

Loss of the tumor suppressor merlin is a cause of frequent tumors of the nervous system, such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas, which occur spontaneously or as part of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Because there is medical need for drug therapies for these tumors, our aim is to find therapeutic targets. We have studied the pathobiology of schwannomas, because they are the most common merlin-deficient tumors and are a model for all merlin-deficient tumors. With use of a human schwannoma in vitro model, we previously described strong overexpression/activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) leading to strong, long-lasting activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and AKT and increased schwannoma growth, which we successfully inhibited using the PDGFR/Raf inhibitor sorafenib. However, the benign character of schwannomas may require long-term treatment; thus, drug tolerability is an issue. With the use of Western blotting, proliferation assays, viability assays, and a primary human schwannoma cell in vitro model, we tested the PDGFR/c-KIT inhibitors imatinib (Glivec(;) Novartis) and nilotinib (Tasigna(;) Novartis). Imatinib and nilotinib inhibited PDGF-DD-mediated ERK1/2 activation, basal and PDGF-DD-mediated activation of PDGFR-β and AKT, and schwannoma proliferation. Nilotinib is more potent than imatinib, exerting its maximal inhibitory effect at concentrations lower than steady-state trough plasma levels. In addition, nilotinib combined with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) at low concentrations displayed stronger efficiency toward tumor growth inhibition, compared with nilotinib alone. We suggest that therapy with nilotinib or combinational therapy that simultaneously inhibits PDGFR and the downstream Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway could represent an effective treatment for schwannomas and other merlin-deficient tumors.     

尼洛替尼:一种新的抗肿瘤靶向药物

分子靶向药物伊马替尼能够与Bcr-Abl激酶结合而成功治疗慢性粒细胞性白血病,然而该激酶的点突变常导致伊马替尼耐药,使治疗失败.尼洛替尼是一种比伊马替尼更有效的新型Bcr-abl激酶抑制剂.在Ⅰ期临床研究中,119例伊马替尼耐药的患者接受了不同剂量水平的尼洛替尼,最大耐受剂量为600mg,每日二次口服.推荐Ⅱ期研究的剂量为400mg,每日二次.最常见的不良反应是骨髓抑制、皮疹、脂肪酶和胆红素升高.在慢性期、加速期、急变期的慢性粒细胞性白血病患者中,分别有92%(53%)、72%(48%)、39%(27%)获得了血液学/细胞遗传学缓解.联合应用几种不同的Bcr-Abl激酶抑制剂有相加或协同作用,如伊马替尼、尼洛替尼和达沙替尼,并有可能延迟或预防耐药的出现.一些研究试图通过鉴定病人的突变类型而预测这些药物的效果.     

Cost-Utility Analysis of Dasatinib and Nilotinib in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Refractory to First-Line Treatment With Imatinib in Thailand

Background

Recently, the second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors dasatinib and nilotinib have emerged as alternative treatments in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who are resistant to or intolerant of imatinib.

Objective

This article aimed to assess the cost utility and budget impact of using dasatinib or nilotinib, rather than high-dose (800-mg/d) imatinib, in patients with chronic phase (CP) CML who are resistant to standard-dose (400-mg/d) imatinib in Thailand.

Methods

A Markov simulation model was developed and used to estimate the lifetime costs and outcomes of treating patients aged ≥38 years with CP-CML. The efficacy parameters were synthesized from a systematic review. Utilities using the European Quality of Life–5 Dimensions tool and costs were obtained from the Thai CML population. Costs and outcomes were compared and presented as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in 2011 Thai baht (THB) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate parameter uncertainty.

Results

From a societal perspective, treatment with dasatinib was found to yield more QALYs (2.13) at a lower cost (THB 1,631,331) per person than high-dose imatinib. Nilotinib treatment was also found to be more cost-effective than high-dose imatinib, producing an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of THB 83,328 per QALY gained. This treatment option also resulted in the highest number of QALYs gained of all of the treatment options. The costs of providing dasatinib, nilotinib, and high-dose imatinib were estimated at THB 5 billion, THB 6 billion, and THB 7 billion, respectively.

Conclusions

Treatment with dasatinib or nilotinib is likely to be more cost-effective than treatment with high-dose imatinib in CP-CML patients who do not respond positively to standard-dose imatinib in the Thai context. Dasatinib was found to be more cost-effective than nilotinib.     

Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors,imatinib and nilotinib,in murine lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery

Introduction

Neutrophil recovery has been implicated in deterioration of oxygenation and exacerbation of preexisting acute lung injury (ALI). The aim of this study was to investigate whether imatinib or nilotinib was effective on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI during neutropenia recovery in mice.

Methods

Mice were rendered neutropenic with cyclophosphamide prior to the intratracheal instillation of LPS. Imatinib or nilotinib was administrated by oral gavage during neutropenia recovery. In order to study the effects of drugs, mice were killed on day 5 and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue samples were obtained. The lung wet/dry weight ratio and protein levels in the BAL fluid or lung tissue were determined.

Results

Treatment with imatinib or nilotinib significantly attenuated the LPS-induced pulmonary edema, and this result was supported by the histopathological examination. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase in BAL fluid were significantly inhibited by imatinib or nilotinib in mice of ALI during neutropenia recovery. The mRNA expressions of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and c-KIT in imatinib or nilotinib group were significantly lower than LPS group.

Conclusions

Our data indicated that imatinib or nilotinib effectively attenuated LPS-induced ALI during neutropenia recovery. These results provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of imatinib and nilotinib in ALI during neutropenia recovery.     

Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), induces pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, information on other TKIs is limited.We retrospectively analyzed PH prevalence by reviewing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings in a population of Korean CML patients treated with TKI at a single hospital between 2003 and 2020. PH was defined as a high PH probability according to the European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) guidelines.Of the 189 patients treated with TKI(s) during the study period, 112 (59.3%) underwent TTE. Among the 112 patients treated with a TKI for a median of 40.4 months (range: 1.1–167.2 months), PH was found in 12 (10.7%), most frequently in those treated with dasatinib (ie, in 3 [7.5%] of 40 of those treated with imatinib, 1 [3.1%] of 32 of those treated with nilotinib, and 8 [21.6%] of 37 of those treated with dasatinib). PH resolved in 4 (50.0%) of the 8 dasatinib-treated patients after discontinuation of the agent. One nilotinib-treated and all three imatinib-treated patients recovered from PH. In multivariate analyses, age >60 years, dasatinib treatment, and positive cardiopulmonary symptoms/signs at the time of transthoracic echocardiography were statistically significant risk factors for developing PH.These results show that PH is induced not only by dasatinib, but also by imatinib and nilotinib. Careful screening for PH during any TKI treatment may thus be warranted in patients with CML.