Joaquin Maria Albarran Y Dominguez: Microbiologist, histologist, and urologist–a lifetime from orphan in Cuba to Nobel nominee

Joaquin Albarran was an extraordinary late 19th century urologist. His early career was in the field of microbiology and histopathology in Paris at a time of great medical developments and innovations. His later contributions to urology included the Albarran lever, Albarrans sign, Albarran-Ormond syndrome and seminal works on testicular and renal tumors. He also wrote treatizes on the pathophysiology of acute urinary retention, nephritis and calculus ureteric obstruction. He died at the young age of 52 from the effects of tuberculosis and in this same year was nominated for the Nobel prize in medicine.     

3种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石(URSL)联合体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)、微创经皮肾镜取石(mini-PCNL)、后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法153例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者按治疗方法分为三组:URSL联合ESWL(联合组)治疗60例,mini-PCNL治疗65例,RLU治疗28例。结果联合组有5例转开放手术取石,余50例患者平均手术时间(65.45±16.39)min,术后并发症发生率为23.64%(13/55),1个月后结石清除率为90.91%(50/55)。mini-PCNL组无中转,平均手术时间(50.38±12.91)min,术后并发症发生率为9.23%(6/65),1个月后结石清除率为100%。RLU组有2例转开放取石,平均手术时间(81.73±17.89)min,术后并发症发生率为15.38%(4/26),1个月后结石清除率为100%(26/26)。mini-PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院时间均显著短于联合组和RLU组;并发症发生率明显低于联合组;1个月后结石清除率明显高于联合组。结论mini-PCNL治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石具有手术时间短、结石清除率高、术后并发症少、恢复快的优点。     

经皮肾一步扩张法在结石所致梗阻性肾功能不全中的应用

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮肾一步扩张法在结石性梗阻性肾功能不全中的临床效果.方法 选择我院2009年7月～2011年7月因结石所致上尿路梗阻,合并梗阻性肾积液、肾功能不全患者68例,随机分为一步扩张法( One-step)组和逐步式(Multi- step)组分别行经皮肾穿刺微造瘘引流术,每组各34例.One-step组在超声引导下一步式经皮肾穿刺微造瘘(PCN)直接穿刺引流,Multi-step组采用传统Seldinger法逐级扩张经皮肾通道实施造瘘引流.对比观察两组患者建立经皮肾通道的手术时间、术中出血量、成功率、术后并发症及肾功能的变化情况.结果 One-step组手术时间、扩张次数、术中出血量均少于Multi-step组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).One-step组一次穿刺置入造瘘管的成功率明显高于Multi-step组,而术后并发症发生率明显低于multi-step组,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).两组患者术后肾功能明显改善,术后2周尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)与术前相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),但术后2周两组间BUN、Cr比较,差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 一步扩张法经皮肾穿刺微造瘘操作简便、创伤小、出血量少和并发症少,有助于改善梗阻性肾功能不全.     

Comparison between Antegrade versus Retrograde Ureteral Stent Placement for Malignant Ureteral Obstruction

PurposeTo compare the technical success of antegrade uteral stent (AUS) and retrograde ureteral stent (RUS) placements in patients with malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) and to determine the predictors of technical failure of RUS.Materials and MethodsThis study retrospectively included 61 AUS placements (44 patients) performed under fluoroscopic guidance and 76 RUS placements (55 patients) performed under cystoscopic guidance in patients with MUO from January 2019 to December 2020. Technical success rates of the 2 techniques were compared using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors for technical failures.ResultsTechnical success was achieved in 98.4% of the AUS group and 47.4% of the RUS group. After stabilized IPTW, the technical success rate was higher in the AUS group than in the RUS group (adjusted risk difference, 49.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 35.4%–63.1%). The independent predictors for technical failure of the RUS procedure were age of ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR], 5.56; 95% CI, 1.73–21.27), ureteral orifice invasion (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.46–13.46), and extrinsic cancer (OR, 15.58; 95% CI, 2.92–111.81).ConclusionsThe technical success rate of AUS placement was higher than that of RUS placement in patients with MUO. RUS failure was associated with age of ≥65 years, cancer with ureteral orifice invasion, and extrinsic ureteral obstruction.     

Two‐year‐old girl with impacted ureteral stone successfully treated with a single session of combined percutaneous nephrostomy and ureteroscopy

Impacted stones frequently cause changes in the ureter, including edema of the ureteral wall, stone embedding in the ureteral mucosa or ureteral bending, which often preclude spontaneous passing of the stone and increase the risk of complications during surgery. When stone impaction is suspected preoperatively, management should be adapted accordingly. However, surgical treatment strategies remain controversial in pediatric patients because of the scarcity of cases reported. We describe the case of a 2‐year‐old girl with a right impacted ureteral stone who presented with gross hematuria and pyuria, but no metabolic risk factors or hematological abnormalities. Ureteroscopy was carried out in the presence of a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter. At the 7‐month follow up, hydronephrosis had improved from grade 3 to grade 1, and the ureter was free from residual or recurrent stones. No complications were noted. We believe that percutaneous nephrostomy before the lithotripsy facilitates treatment for impacted stones in pediatric patients.     

经尿道留置输尿管支架管和经皮肾穿刺造瘘术引流治疗上尿路结石伴感染的效果和时机

目的：通过对上尿路结石伴感染的患者在不同时间段采用经尿道输尿管支架置入或经皮肾穿刺造瘘,比较不同时间段两种引流方式对控制感染的有效性和安全性。方法：分析2018年1月至2019年12月收治入院的104例上尿路结石伴感染患者行输尿管支架置入或经皮肾穿刺造瘘的临床资料,根据入院至手术的时间不同分为2h内组、2-12h组和12-24h组,每组根据引流方式分为经尿道输尿管支架置入术和经皮肾穿刺造瘘术两种,比较3个时间段不同手术方式的患者术前及术后三天(Temperature,T)、血常规白细胞(White blood cell,WBC)及中性粒细胞百分比(neutrophilic granulocyte percentage,NEU)、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、血清降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)、尿常规白细胞(leucocyturia)变化和体温恢复至正常的时间。结果：所有患者均顺利完成预定的手术方式,无一更改手术方式。术后第1d,三组患者尿常规白细胞明显增多;三组不同时间段的上尿路结石伴感染患者所采取的两种不同手术方式中,T、WBC、NEU、CRP、PCT及尿常规白细胞均有统计学差异,均P＜0.05;同一手术方式不同时间段的比较,12-24h组患者T、WBC、NEU、CRP、PCT及尿常规白细胞均高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义,均P＜0.05。术后第2d,2h组与2-12h组中行微造瘘的患者体温、WBC、NEU均降至正常范围内,两组T、WBC、NEU、CRP、PCT及尿常规白细胞比较,均有统计学差异,均P＜0.05;12-24h组中,微造瘘组的患者T、WBC、NEU、CRP、PCT及尿常规白细胞均高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义,均P＜0.05。术后第3d,同一手术方式不同时间段的比较,12-24h组患者T、WBC、NEU、CRP、PCT及尿常规白细胞均未降至正常范围,均高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义,均P＜0.05。结论：上尿路结石伴感染患者行引流术,经皮肾穿刺造瘘术对术后感染的控制效果优于经尿道输尿管支架置入术;如确定选择经尿道输尿管支架置入术,如入院2h内是最佳手术时间;如确定经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,12h内手术均可。     

斜仰卧截石位双镜联合输尿管会师术治疗医源性输尿管阴道瘘（附42例报告）

目的 探讨内镜手术治疗医源性损伤导致输尿管阴道瘘的方法及临床效果.方法 2005年2月～ 2013年1月,选取42例医源性输尿管损伤后输尿管阴道瘘,采用经皮肾穿刺造瘘Wolf F9.8输尿管短镜联合经尿道输尿管长镜引导置入双J管行输尿管会师术.结果 2例失败,肾造瘘术后3个月行开放手术.40例手术成功者漏尿于术后逐渐减少并在48小时内停止.术后1个月输尿管窦道基本成形,术后2个月拔除肾造瘘管,3个月复查静脉肾盂造影（IVP）,患侧输尿管通畅,拔双J管.随访6～24个月,平均14.7月,无并发症发生.结论 经皮肾穿刺造瘘联合经尿道输尿管镜下输尿管会师术是处理输尿管阴道瘘的有效治疗方法.