Myoblast fusion in Drosophila melanogaster is mediated through a fusion-restricted myogenic-adhesive structure (FuRMAS).

During myogenesis in Drosophila embryos, a prominent adhesive structure is formed between precursor cells and fusion-competent myoblasts (fcms). Here, we show that Duf/Kirre and its interaction partners Rols7 (found in founder myoblasts and growing myotubes) and Sns (found in fcms) are organized in a ring-structure at the contact points of fcms with precursor cells, while cytoskeletal components like F-actin and Titin are centered in this ring in both cell types. The cytoplasmic protein Blow colocalizes with the actin plugs in fcms after cell adhesion. Furthermore, the requirement of additional as yet unidentified components was demonstrated by using mammalian C2C12 myoblasts. In this study, we propose that the fusion-restricted myogenic-adhesive structure (FuRMAS) is pivotal in linking cell adhesion as well as local F-actin assembly and dynamics to downstream events that ultimately lead to plasma membrane fusion. Moreover, we suggest that the FuRMAS may restrict the area of membrane breakdown.     

平行结构支架材料对大鼠成肌细胞α-肌动蛋白的影响

目的：根据大鼠成肌细胞骨骼肌α-肌动蛋白mRNA的表达变化，初步探讨借助支架材料的有序排列构建具有理想方向性组织工程化骨骼肌的可行性。方法：将医用可吸收缝合线平行折叠并制备成类圆柱体状，与大鼠成肌细胞L6体外复合培养。以18s RNA为内参照，运用半定量RT-PCR检测大鼠成肌细胞骨骼肌α-肌动蛋白mRNA在体外培养早期的变化。结果：随着体外培养时间的延长，大鼠骨骼肌α-肌动蛋白的mRNA表达水平逐渐升高，并于体外培养第4d，维持在相对稳定的水平。结论：大鼠成肌细胞与具有平行结构支架材料体外复合培养早期，骨骼肌α-肌动蛋白的基因表达与骨骼肌再生有一定程度的吻合。     

VAMP2 is expressed in myogenic cells during rat development

Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) is a member of the SNARE family of proteins that regulate the intracellular vesicle fusion process. This study investigated the developmental expression of VAMP2 in the rat embryo. In the trunk, VAMP2 was primarily found in the heart on embryonic day (E) 10. On E12.5, VAMP2 expression was found in nerve fibers, somites, and heart. In somites, epithelial cells in the dorsomedial lip, and elongated myoblasts in myotome were positive for VAMP2. On E16.5, VAMP2 was expressed in the heart, nerve fibers, and skeletal muscles. In skeletal muscles, multinuclear myotubes were positive for VAMP2. In the head, where muscles are derived both from somitic and non-somitic origin, VAMP2 was found in myotubes of the extrinsic ocular muscles and masseter muscle on E16.5. These findings suggest the involvement of VAMP2 in the development of skeletal muscles of somitic and non-somitic origins.     

Stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy A Web of Science-based literature analysis

OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends in stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy using a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy from 2002 to 2011 retrieved from Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed published articles on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy indexed in Web of Science; (b) original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) publication between 2002 and 2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) corrected papers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Annual publication output; (2) distribution according to subject areas; (3) distribution according to journals; (4) distribution according to country; (5) distribution according to institution; (6) distribution according to institution in China; (7) distribution according to institution that cooperated with Chinese institutions; (8) top-cited articles from 2002 to 2006; (9) top-cited articles from 2007 to 2011. RESULTS: A total of 318 publications on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy were retrieved from Web of Science from 2002 to 2011, of which almost half derived from American authors and institutes. The number of publications has gradually increased over the past 10 years. Most papers appeared in journals with a focus on gene and molecular research, such as Molecular Therapy, Neuromuscular Disorders, and PLoS One. The 10 most-cited papers from 2002 to 2006 were mostly about different kinds of stem cell transplantation for muscle regeneration, while the 10 most-cited papers from 2007 to 2011 were mostly about new techniques of stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy. CONCLUSION: The publications on stem cell transplantation for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy were relatively few. It also needs more research to confirm that stem cell therapy is a reliable treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.     

Dose-dependent modulation of myogenesis by HGF: implications for c-Met expression and downstream signalling pathways

Abstract

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulates satellite cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. We analyzed the dose-dependent effects of HGF on myogenesis. Murine C2C12 and human donor-derived skeletal muscle myoblasts were treated with 0, 2, or 10?ng/ml HGF followed by assessment of proliferation and differentiation. HGF (2?ng/ml) significantly promoted cell division, but reduced myogenic commitment and fusion. Conversely, 10?ng/ml HGF reduced proliferative capability, but increased differentiation. c-Met expression analysis revealed significantly decreased expression in differentiating cells cultured with 2?ng/ml HGF, but increased expression in proliferating cells with 10?ng/ml HGF. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs: ERK, JNK, or p38K) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition abrogated the HGF-stimulated increase in cell number. Interestingly, PI3K and p38 kinase facilitated the negative effect of HGF on proliferation, while ERK inhibition abrogated the HGF-mediated decrease in differentiation. Dose-dependent effects of HGF are mediated by changes in c-Met expression and downstream MAPK and PI3K signalling.     

低氧对大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞分化的影响

目的:通过观测低氧环境对体外培养大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞分化及低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响,探讨低氧引起颏舌肌损伤的机制以及HIF-1α在其中的作用。方法:根据环境氧浓度不同,将体外培养的原代大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞分为正常氧浓度组(NC)(21%)和低氧组(HG)(1%),分别诱导分化0 d、1 d、3 d、6 d。采用RT-PCR及Western blotting检测生肌调节因子(MyoD)、肌源性决定因子(myogenin)、肌球蛋白重链(MHC)以及HIF-1α的mRNA及蛋白表达;倒置显微镜下观察成肌细胞分化的形态变化。结果:在颏舌肌成肌细胞分化过程中,两种氧状态下HIF-1αmRNA表达均没有显著变化(P>0.05),但蛋白表达逐渐上调;低氧对MyoD、myogenin、MHC的mRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白表达有显著的抑制作用,致肌管形成延迟;低氧使HIF-1αmRNA(P<0.05)和蛋白显著上调。结论:低氧环境可能是通过上调HIF-1α表达抑制大鼠颏舌肌成肌细胞的分化,从而抑制颏舌肌损伤的修复。     

Methylglyoxal Induces Inflammation,Metabolic Modulation and Oxidative Stress in Myoblast Cells

Uremic sarcopenia is a serious clinical problem associated with physical disability and increased morbidity and mortality. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive, dicarbonyl uremic toxin that accumulates in the circulatory system in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is related to the pathology of uremic sarcopenia. The pathophysiology of uremic sarcopenia is multifactorial; however, the details remain unknown. We investigated the mechanisms of MG-induced muscle atrophy using mouse myoblast C2C12 cells, focusing on intracellular metabolism and mitochondrial injury. We found that one of the causative pathological mechanisms of uremic sarcopenia is metabolic flow change to fatty acid synthesis with MG-induced ATP shortage in myoblasts. Evaluation of cell viability revealed that MG showed toxic effects only in myoblast cells, but not in myotube cells. Expression of mRNA or protein analysis revealed that MG induces muscle atrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in myoblast cells. Target metabolomics revealed that MG induces metabolic alterations, such as a reduction in tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. In addition, MG induces mitochondrial morphological abnormalities in myoblasts. These changes resulted in the reduction of ATP derived from the mitochondria of myoblast cells. Our results indicate that MG is a pathogenic factor in sarcopenia in CKD.     

经冠状动脉注射法移植成年犬自体骨骼肌成肌细胞于急性心肌梗死区的病理研究

目的观察冠状动脉内注射法移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞到无再灌注急性心肌梗死区后的生长分化特点。方法结扎犬冠状动脉前降支中段,建立急性心肌梗死模型;杂种成年犬10只,分为对照组和经冠状动脉注射移植组,各5只。经梗死相关冠状动脉内注射自体骨骼肌成肌细胞悬液10 ml(1.0~1.4×108个)或等量生理盐水;4周后通过HE染色、PTH染色、骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组织化学染色和透射电镜评价移植细胞病理转归。结果经冠状动脉内注射移植自体骨骼肌成肌细胞4周后,透射电镜及HE染色下可在梗死区内找到新生幼稚肌源性细胞存在,PTH染色证实有新生的横纹肌组织形成,骨骼肌特异性慢肌球蛋白抗体免疫组织化学染色发现有骨骼肌源性的成熟肌组织存在且新生肌组织排列较分散。结论通过经梗死相关冠状动脉注射将自体骨骼肌成肌细胞移植到急性心肌梗死区后能形成成熟的肌组织。     

两种不同来源成肌细胞存活率的比较研究

目的测定和比较两种不同组织来源的骨骼肌成肌细胞的存活率，为组织工程化骨骼肌种子细胞的选择提供参考。方法将两种不同组织来源的第3代成肌细胞接种到24孔板和96孔板中，在1、3、5、7、9d将两种组织来源的成肌细胞分别从24孔板中随机取出5个孔和从96孔板中随机取出10个孔的细胞。将从24孔板取出的细胞置于细胞活力分析仪行细胞存活率的测定。将从96孔板取出的细胞采用MTT法检测细胞增殖活力，测吸光值（OD）。采用细胞存活率的平均值和OD值绘制细胞生长曲线，了解细胞生长情况。结果从骨骼肌中培养的成肌细胞，MTT法测得7d的OD值最高，为0．8153；细胞活力分析仪测定的细胞存活率7d时也最高，为92．06％。采用骨髓间充质干细胞经5-Aza诱导所得到的成肌细胞，MTT法测得7d的OD值最高，为0．6358；细胞活力分析仪测定的细胞存活率7d时也最高，为67．77％。从骨骼肌中培养的成肌细胞的存活率高于骨髓间充质干细胞经5-Aza诱导所得到的成肌细胞存活率（P〈0．05）。结论从骨骼肌来源的成肌细胞更适合作为组织工程化骨骼肌的种子细胞。     

益气生骨注射液促进体外成肌细胞增殖作用的研究

目的：研究益气生骨注射液对体外培养的成肌细胞的增殖作用。方法：将成肌细胞进行体外培养,实验组加入不同浓度的益气生骨注射液,对照组分别加入不同浓度的黄芪注射液和复方当归注射液,空白组不加任何药物。筛选出各药物对细胞增殖的最适生长浓度,并观察其对细胞的增殖作用。结果：益气生骨注射液对成肌细胞的增殖作用最强,与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论：益气生骨注射液有促进成肌细胞增殖的作用。