Cannabis and driving: A new perspective

Cannabis and driving is an emerging injury‐prevention concern. The incidence of driving while affected by cannabis is rising in parallel with increased cannabis use in the community. Younger drivers are at particular risk. Improvements in research methodology, technology and laboratory testing methods have occurred in the last 10 years. These cast doubt on earlier results and conclusions. Studies now show that cannabis has a significant impairing effect on driving when used alone and that this effect is exaggerated when combined with alcohol. Of particular concern is the presence of cannabis as the sole psychoactive drug in an increasing number of road fatalities and the lack of any structural response to this problem. A review of testing methods, laboratory and real driving studies, and recent epidemiological studies is presented. Suggestions for methods of further data collection and future public policy are made.     

胸腰椎病变CT监视下穿刺活检路径分析

目的探讨胸腰椎病变CT监视下穿刺活检中穿刺路径的选择方法。方法141例胸腰椎病变临床诊断不清患者，其中胸椎70例，腰椎71例。根据病变位于脊椎的不同部位选择合适的穿刺路径，于CT监视下穿刺取材。穿刺路径：经椎旁路径63例，经椎弓根路径45例，经肋椎关节路径11例，其他路径22例。结果141例中共有128例诊断正确，穿刺结果诊断正确率为90．8％。无并发症发生。结论胸腰椎病变穿刺路径的选择要根据病变的位置不同具体分析。总的原则是安全、取材量多、对患者损伤小。     

椎弓根固定结合椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨椎弓根固定结合经椎弓根椎体内植骨行椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的疗效。方法采用椎管环形减压、短节段椎弓根螺钉系统固定结合经椎弓根椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折116例,其中93例获得随访。术前及术后随访行X线和CT检查,测量伤椎椎体中央高度值,比较植骨后椎体高度的恢复程度,同时观察植骨融合情况。采用配对t检验方法进行统计学分析。结果93例患者术后平均随访24.2个月,90%以上患者伤椎椎体高度恢复并维持良好,无塌陷。伤椎椎体中央高度值犤T12(3.14±0.41)cm,L1(3.33±0.34)cm犦与正常值犤(T12(3.26±0.38)cm,L1(3.47±0.61)cm)犦比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。未出现植骨操作引起的神经血管并发症。CT显示椎体内植骨块边缘模糊,融合良好,植骨块无吸收现象。结论后路椎管环形减压及内固定时,经伤椎椎弓根进行椎体内植骨行椎体成形术可恢复伤椎椎体高度,重建前、中柱的稳定性,预防术后椎体塌陷的发生。     

Structural vertebral changes in the horizontal plane in idiopathic scoliosis and the long-term corrective effect of spine instrumentation

Summary The rotation and structural changes of the apex vertebra in the horizontal plane as well as of the thoracic cage deformity were quantified by measurements on computed tomography (CT) scans from patients with right convex thoracic idiopathic scoliosis (IS). The CT scans were obtained from 12 patients with moderate scoliosis (mean Cobb angle 25.8°, r 13°–30°) and from 33 with severe scoliosis (mean Cobb angle 46.2°, r 35°–71°). In addition, CT scans of thoracic vertebrae from 15 patients without scoliosis were used as reference material. Ten of the scoliotic cases had had Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation (CDI) and posterior fusion and had entered a longitudinal study on the effect of operative correction on the re-modelling of the apical vertebra. An increasingly asymmetrical vertebral body, transverse process angle, pedicle width and canal width were found in the groups with scoliosis as compared with the reference material. Vertebral rotation and rib hump index were significantly larger in patients with early and advanced scoliosis than in normal subjects. The modelling angle of the vertebral body, the transverse process angle index and the vertebral rotation in relation to the middle axis of the thoracic cage were significantly greater in patients with severe than with moderate scoliosis. The results of this longitudinal study suggest that the structural changes of the apical vertebra regress 2 years or more after CD instrumentation.     

外伤性胸椎间盘突出症的早期诊断与手术治疗

[目的]探讨外伤性胸椎间盘突出症的临床表现、早期诊断及手术治疗效果。[方法]2000年6月-2005年6月共收治外伤性胸椎间盘突出症患者11例，其中男8例，女3例，年龄15-38岁，平均23．96岁。诊断时间距外伤时间最短的为2d，最长的8个月，平均4．1个月。早期明确诊断后行经关节突入路胸椎间盘摘除术。[结果]11例患者获得1、1-3．8年术后随访，平均随访2．6年。根据Otani’s等分级方法进行疗效评价：优7例，良3例，可1例，差0例，失败0例。手术优良率为90．91％。[结论]外伤性胸椎间盘突出较少见，无典型临床表现，本症的早期诊断及早期手术治疗是远期优良疗效的保证。     

颈椎骨折类型与脊髓损伤关系之临床观察

通过对９２例颈椎骨折病例的分析，发现屈曲型损伤最多见（５３％），其次为过伸型（２６％），压缩型（２１％）。屈曲型和压缩型多见于年轻人，而屈曲损伤导致的脱位及过伸型则多见于年龄较大者。爆裂骨折引起的神经损害最重，其次为屈曲型、过伸型及压缩（非爆裂）骨折。神经功能改善率以爆裂型骨折最差，死亡率亦最高，以压缩（非爆裂型）骨折最好，其次为过伸型及屈曲型。文内对各型的特点进行了详细讨论。     

不稳定型下颈椎损伤的手术治疗(附56例分析)

目的分析手术治疗下颈椎不稳定性损伤的适应证、手术方法及疗效。方法2001年1月～2003年1月,手术治疗下颈椎不稳定性损伤共56例。参照Aebi及White等人的手术适应证,以前路手术为主;对于难复性颈椎脱位或不伴椎间盘损伤者,行后路施术或前后联合入路手术;稳定性评分大于8分的前后柱损伤者,行前后联合入路手术。以Frankel评分系统评价神经功能恢复情况,以损伤节段Cobb角及水平移位来评价复位情况,采用Bohlman的X线片标准判定植骨融合情况。结果Frankel评分术前平均为2.3分,术后3.1分;按Bohlman标准3个月时植骨融合率为80%,6个月时为100%。术前Cobb角平均为8°,术后为1.5°,水平移位由术前的平均3.5mm减小到0.5mm。结论手术治疗下颈椎不稳定性损伤具有改善神经功能、恢复颈椎序列、恢复椎间高度及生理曲度、可早日下地活动等优点,手术病例及方法的选择应根据患者是否有致压因素及颈椎稳定性等综合考虑。     

Injured worker helplessness: Critical relationships and systems level approach for intervention

An appropriate paradigm for explaining the evident problems of motivating the workers' compensation claimant toward occupational recovery may be found in the learned helplessness model. This article examines the critical relationships in the workers' compensation system and the potential for development of the injured worker helplessness within that system. The author offers the learned helplessness model as an alternative framework through which injured worker behavior can be explained and understood. It is suggested that the non-contingent rewards and the uncontrollable dynamics characteristic of workers' compensation systems lead to claimants' learning helplessness. Finally, a total quality managed disability prevention system is offered as the organization's best approach to reducing the likelihood of learned helplessness.     

经椎弓根椎间融合与AF治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的：总结32例经椎弓根椎间融合与AF治疗胸腰椎骨折的经验。方法：应用经伤椎椎弓根椎体间融合并AF系统复位内固定，以提高复位效果与脊柱的稳定性。结果：全部病例获随访，时间3～23个月，伤椎均与上位椎体间融合，无矫正角度与高度丢失，无断钉及螺钉松动，神经功能平均1．5级以上的恢复。结论：经椎弓根椎间融合与AF治疗胸腰椎骨折，操作简单，复位可靠，可重建脊柱的稳定性，椎体间融合更符合生物力学内环境的持久稳定。