Paediatric dacryocystorhinostomy

Of 258 cases of dacryocystorhinostomy performed on children in the period September 1981 to September 1991, 130 were for simple, unresolved congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Other indications for surgery included punctal agenesis, lacrimal fistula, post-traumatic and post-inflammatory canalicular obstruction. Of 177 children without canalicular pathology, 171 (96%) were relieved of symptoms with one operation, without canalicular intubation. Of 81 cases with canalicular disease, 55 of 70 (79%) who underwent DCR plus canalicular intubation, and 10 of 11 who underwent DCR plus Lester-Jones tube, were substantially improved with one operation. No child required peroperative or postoperative blood transfusion. Dacryocystorhinostomy in childhood, in experienced surgical hands, is a safe procedure, achieving relief of symptoms in most cases, particularly in the absence of canalicular disease.     

The electromyographic analysis of orbicularis oculi muscle in epiphora

Purpose:Functional epiphora is a clinical condition that presents with the complaint of watery eyes, but without anatomical stenosis in the lacrimal drainage system. Although the mechanism is not clear, there are various possibilities involving the movement of the orbicularis oculi muscle, especially its deeper segment (Horner’s muscle). We aimed to evaluate the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with patent, but dysfunctional lacrimal drainage system using a quantitative motor unit potential (MUP) analysis.Methods:Twenty-eight patients with functional epiphora (mean age = 59 years) and a control group of 28 volunteers were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were persistent and symptomatic epiphora or wiping >10 times per day and diagnosis confirmation by lacrimal irrigation test. Electromyography (EMG) was performed on the deeper segment of the orbicularis oculi muscle (medial and lateral parts). MUP parameters (duration time, amplitude, number of phases, number of turns, area, rise time, and thickness) were evaluated in both groups. Any increase in amplitude, prolongation time (>14 ms), number of turns, and satellite potential was taken as characteristic of the neurogenic type of epiphora, whereas shortened motor unit duration time, increased phase number, and low amplitude are the features of myopathic type.Results:Upon MUP analysis of the medial and lateral orbicularis oculi muscle, the increase in duration and thickness values in the medial part and the increase in duration, amplitude, area, and thickness values of the lateral part were found to be statistically significant in the patient group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). In the evaluation of the patients’ medial and lateral orbicularis oculi muscle, the increase in phase values and decrease in amplitude, area, and rise time values were found to be statistically significant (P = 0.024, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.010, respectively).Conclusion:These data show that functional epiphora is due to neurogenic damage of the orbicularis oculi muscle and should be investigated in more detail.     

下鼻甲肥大对功能性溢泪影响的分析

目的探讨下鼻甲肥大与功能性溢泪的关系及临床治疗价值。方法 11例下鼻甲肥大伴溢泪患者中,7例同时伴鼻中隔偏曲,术前完善检查,并利用CT泪囊造影术和三维重建,排除溢泪的眼部疾病,行下鼻甲减容术伴或不伴鼻中隔偏曲矫正术,观察疗效。术后随访12个月。结果 11例患者中8例(72.7%)溢泪症状消失,3例(27.3%)溢泪症状好转。7例患者术后鼻中隔均居中,下鼻甲明显缩小。其中鼻塞痊愈10例(90.9%),好转1例(9.1%)。结论下鼻甲肥大为功能性溢泪的一个重要的原因,对其进行治疗可治愈或改善功能性溢泪。     

部分结膜切除术治疗结膜松弛症性溢泪的疗效

目的：评价球结膜部分切除术治疗球结膜松弛症患者溢泪的安全性和有效性。方法：回顾性病例系列研究。对2015年6月到2017年12月在陆军军医大学附属西南医院眼科确诊为结膜松弛症并伴有溢泪症状,接受部分结膜切除手术治疗的患者31例（31眼）,完成随访的27例（27眼）进行统计分析。所有患者的结膜松弛症均为Ⅲ级或以上,接受球结膜部分切除术后,检查患者自觉症状及结膜脱垂体征变化。采用配对t检验比较术前及术后1、6、12个月泪膜破裂时间变化以及术前和术后6个月的下泪河高度变化。结果：术后患者的溢泪症状均消失。拆除结膜缝线后未见切口处的结膜裂开。至术后平均15个月的随访期间,裂隙灯显微镜检查未见结膜松弛症复发。术后随访各时间点泪膜破裂时间均显著提高（P<0.001）,术后12个月下泪河高度较术前提高（t=-14.642,P<0.001）。结论：切除松弛脱垂的球结膜,间断缝合球结膜切口,并固定于浅层巩膜上,可有效避免手术中结膜撕裂和术后结膜切口裂开等手术并发症,能够改善患者的溢泪,一定程度上稳定泪膜,且安全、有效。     

Comparison of scanning electron microscopy findings regarding biofilm colonization with microbiological results in nasolacrimal stents for external, endoscopic and transcanalicular dacryocystorhinostomy

AIM:To compare bacterial biofilm colonization in lacrimal stents following external dacryocystorhinostomy (EX-DCR), endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR), and transcanalicular dacryocystorhinostomy (TC-DCR) with multidiode laser.METHODS: This prospective study included 30 consecutive patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction who underwent EXT-, EN-, or TC-DCR. Thirty removed lacrimal stent fragments and conjunctival samples were cultured. The lacrimal stent biofilms were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).RESULTS:Eleven (36.7%) of the 30 lacrimal stent cultures were positive for aerobic bacteria (most commonly Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). However anaerobic bacteria and fungi were not identified in the lacrimal stent cultures. Twenty-seven (90%) patients had biofilm-positive lacrimal stents. The conjunctival culture positivity after the DCR, biofilm positivity on stents, the grade of biofilm colonization, and the presence of mucus and coccoid and rod-shaped organisms did not significantly differ between any of the groups (P＞0.05). However, a significant difference was found when the SEM results were compared to the results of the lacrimal stent and conjunctival cultures (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: Type of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery did not affect the biofilm colonization of the lacrimal stents. SEM also appears to be more precise than microbiological culture for evaluating the presence of biofilms on lacrimal stents.     

泪阜肿物切除联合结膜固定术治疗功能性溢泪的临床研究

目的　探讨功能性溢泪患者泪阜肿物切除术后眼表症状、泪膜和泪液蛋白的特点。方法　泪阜肿物导致的功能性溢泪患者６０例,随机分为两组:Ａ组行泪阜肿物切除联合结膜固定术;Ｂ组行单纯泪阜肿物切除术,分别于术前及术后不同时间对患者行眼表症状评分、泪膜四项检查和泪液各蛋白测定,并对疗效进行对比。结果　Ａ组总有效率为９０％,Ｂ组为７０％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。术前两组眼表指数、泪膜破裂时间、基础泪液分泌量、泪河高度、角膜荧光素染色及泪液蛋白、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白Ａ（ｓＩｇＡ）差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）;术后１周,两组患者基础泪液分泌量、泪河高度、角膜荧光素染色比较差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,但两组眼表指数、泪膜破裂时间、泪液总蛋白量、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶及ｓＩｇＡ比较差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）;术后３个月,两组患者眼表指数、泪膜破裂时间、基础泪液分泌量、泪河高度、角膜荧光素染色差异均有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）,但两组泪液总蛋白量、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶及ｓＩｇＡ差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论　对于泪阜肿物导致的功能性溢泪患者,泪阜肿物切除联合结膜固定术可以明显改善患者眼表症状、泪膜情况和泪液蛋白含量,提高患者的视觉质量。     

球结膜松弛矫正术的疗效分析

目的：探讨球结膜松弛矫正术治疗Ⅲ～Ⅳ级球结膜松弛症的疗效.方法：回顾分析本院2006年1月至2009年12月11例（16眼）经球结膜松弛矫正术手术治疗的Ⅲ～Ⅳ级球结膜松弛症患者,从肿胀或沉重感,疼痛,溢泪,眼红,视疲劳,瘙痒,视力模糊/下降,烧灼感,异物感,瘢痕形成等方面评价其疗效.结果：11例球结膜松弛症患者手术治疗后,除了结膜瘢痕外,由重度结膜松弛症引起的各种症状均得到改善,有效率达85%以上.无术中或术后并发症发生.术后随访6月～ 3年,未见复发.结论：球结膜松弛矫正术能很好地切除多余结膜组织,解除泪道的阻塞环节,固定结膜,加深穹窿,恢复正常的眼表泪液存储与排泄功能,明显改善不适症状,治疗效果好.     

Tratamiento de la epífora funcional con toxina botulínica tipo A frente a la tira tarsal en un ensayo aleatorizado

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) injection into the lacrimal gland versus lateral tarsal strip (LTS) for functional epiphora.Material and methodsRandomized clinical trial. Sequential, parallel, non-blinded study design. Patients aged 18 years or older with functional epiphora and a minimum score of 3 in Munk Scale (MS) were randomized to BoNTA or LTS group. Changes in MS, Schirmer test and quality of life were assessed at week 6 and during follow-up until week 30. The mean time without epiphora and the adverse events were recorded.ResultsThe final analysis included 25 patients, 12 (21 eyes) assigned to BoNTA (5 U/0.05 mL) and 13 (20 eyes) to LTS. At 6 weeks there was an improvement in the MS in BoNTA versus LTS group (?2.48 vs. ?1.55, P = .0152) and at 12 weeks (?2.68 vs. ?1.69, P = .0267). A significant decrease was noted in the Schirmer test at week 2, 12 and 30 with BoNTA. The quality of life improved after both interventions without statistical significance. The mean duration of effectiveness in BoNTA group was 26.2 weeks (range 7.7-36.6) and in LTS group was 24.8 weeks (range 6.7-37.6), P = .9368. The main adverse events were temporary eyelid ptosis in 25% (3/12) of the BoNTA group and surgical scar discomfort in 23% (3/13) of the LTS group, P = .722. No adverse events were classified as severe.ConclusionBoNTA injection into the lacrimal gland is a safe and effective treatment for functional epiphora, with a greater decrease in MS at 6 and 12 weeks compared with LTS.     

原发性泪点狭窄的前节OCT特征及其与溢泪相关性的初步研究

目的：应用眼前节光学相干断层扫描(AS-OCT)对原发性泪点狭窄患者的泪点进行量化,并分析其与溢泪的相关性。

方法：横断面研究。共纳入2020年9月至2021年1月于解放军总医院第三医学中心泪器病中心就诊的44例(62眼)原发性泪点狭窄伴溢泪的患者为观察组,对照组为43例(57眼)健康志愿者。对所有受试者的下泪点进行AS-OCT扫描,并对泪点图像进行量化,以观察其AS-OCT图像特征,测量参数包括泪点外径、泪点深度、泪点内残留泪液的液面直径及深度,根据以上参数计算泪点储备量及比率。

结果：1)符合正态分布的各测量参数用均数±标准差表示,结果如下,观察组：泪点外径458.19±63.58μm、泪点内残留泪液的直径200.34±84.69μm、泪点内残留泪液的深度188.95±87.50μm、泪点储备比率0.32±0.18; 正常对照组各测量参数为：泪点外径655.53±82.62μm、泪点内残留泪液的直径230.26±107.02μm、泪点内残留泪液的深度275.30±144.34μm、泪点储备比率0.46±0.23,观察组各参数均小于正常组(P<0.05); 2)不符合正态分布的参数数据则用中位数及四分位数表示,结果如下,观察组：泪点深度265.50μm(四分位间距204.25-328.77)μm、泪点储备量71.53μm(四分位间距46.12-111.37)μm,对照组：泪点深度468.76 μm(四分位间距420.50-588.88)μm、泪点储备量182.16μm(四分位间距131.36-309.84)μm,观察组各参数数据均小于正常对照组(P<0.05); 3)观察组测量数据显示,溢泪程度与泪点外径呈负相关(相关系数r=-0.448,P<0.05)、与泪点内残留泪液的深度呈正相关(相关系数r=0.335,P<0.05)、与泪点储备量及其比率呈负相关(相关系数r=-0.520、-0.566,P<0.05)。

结论：AS-OCT的使用可以帮助提高对泪点形态的认知; 泪点内残留泪液的深度以及泪点外径的大小与溢泪相关; 原发性泪点狭窄者中泪点储备泪液的潜在能力越强,溢泪程度越弱,且泪点外径小者相对于泪点外径大者更易出现溢泪症状。     

泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎

目的探讨泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎的临床疗效。方法对37例(42眼)慢性化脓性泪囊炎患者行泪道支架植入术,术后随访3~6个月。结果支架植入成功率100%。2眼于术后3~5 d发生支架阻塞,及时行泪道冲洗后恢复通畅。另1眼发生于术后5个半月,泪道冲洗不通后拔除支架。支架留置期间,41眼泪道冲洗通畅,其中溢泪、溢脓症状完全消除35眼,另外6眼仍有轻度溢泪。取出支架后复发11眼占26.2%,治愈27眼,好转4眼,总有效率73.8%。结论应用泪道支架植入术治疗慢性化脓性泪囊炎手术时间短,出血少,安全性高,具有肯定的临床效果。