明天的医学向何处去——平衡医学方法论略谈

《明天的医学向何处去》一文是王佑三同志应中国中医研究院、中西医结合研究会1990～2010年中医药研究的重大进展与突破预测研究课题组和中国人体科学学会之约所撰。本报征得作者同意稍加删节后发表,期望引起对“明天的医学”的关注。     

On the Importance of Age-Adjustment Methods in Ecological Studies of Social Determinants of Mortality

Objective. To illustrate the potential sensitivity of ecological associations between mortality and certain socioeconomic factors to different methods of age-adjustment.
Data Sources. Secondary analysis employing state-level data from several publicly available sources. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates for 1990 are obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. The Gini coefficient for family income and percent of persons below the federal poverty line are from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Putnam's (2000) Social Capital Index was downloaded from http://www.bowlingalone.com ; the Social Mistrust Index was calculated from responses to the General Social Survey, following the method described in Kawachi et al. (1997) . All other covariates are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.
Study Design. We use least squares regression to estimate the effect of several state-level socioeconomic factors on mortality rates. We examine whether these statistical associations are sensitive to the use of alternative methods of accounting for the different age composition of state populations. Following several previous studies, we present results for the case when only mortality rates are age-adjusted. We contrast these results with those obtained from regressions of crude mortality on age variables.
Principal Findings. Different age-adjustment methods can cause a change in the sign or statistical significance of the association between mortality and various socioeconomic factors. When age variables are included as regressors, we find no significant association between mortality and either income inequality, minority racial concentration, or social capital.
Conclusions. Ecological associations between certain socioeconomic factors and mortality may be extremely sensitive to different age-adjustment methods.     

A Cross-Country Network Analysis of Adolescent Resilience

PurposeIn situations of adversity, young people draw on individual, relational, and contextual (community and cultural) resources to foster their resilience. Recent literature defines resilience as a capacity that is underpinned by a network of interrelated resources. Although empirical studies show evidence of the value of a network approach, little is known regarding how different country contexts influence which resources are most critical within a resource network and how resources interact for adolescent resilience.MethodsNetwork analysis was conducted with data from studies that had used the Child and Youth Resilience Measure. Regularized partial correlation networks of 17 resources were estimated for 14 countries (Botswana, Canada, China, Colombia, Equatorial Guinea, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jordan, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Syrian refugees living in Jordan). The sample size was 18,914 (mean age = 15.70 years, 48.8% female).ResultsWe observed mostly positive associations between the resources of interest. The salience and strength of associations between resources varied by country. The most central resource across countries was having supportive caregivers during stressful times because this resource had the most and strongest positive associations with other resources.ConclusionsThis study gives first empirical evidence from multiple countries that an interplay of social–ecological resources (such as individual skills, peer, caregiver and community support, and educational aspirations and opportunities) matter for adolescent resilience. Across countries, caregiver support appears to be most central for adolescent resilience. Future resilience interventions might apply this network approach to identify important, contextually relevant resources that likely foster additional resources.     

河北省燕山及太行山山脉黄芩生态适宜性区划研究

目的:研究黄芩在河北省燕山及太行山山脉生态适宜性区划。方法:通过第四次全国中药资源普查等方式获取黄芩分布位点信息,利用地理信息系统技术和最大信息熵模型分析其分布区的主导生态因子、数值和权重,得出黄芩药材在河北省的生态适宜生长区。结果:研究表明,海拔、坡度、最暖季降水量、最湿月降水量、年均温、土壤类型、植被类型7项环境因子是影响黄芩分布的主要生态因子;黄芩在河北省的生态适宜生长区主要分布在承德、张家口、保定等地的燕山及太行山山脉区域。结论:可在太行山山脉的承德市、张家口市、保定市,燕山山脉的秦皇岛市引种栽培黄芩。     

台湾翅果菊有性生殖与胚胎发育形态研究

利用切片技术对台湾翅果菊Pterocypsela formosana胚胎发育过程进行了显微观察.研究结果表明,花药4室,药壁发育为双子叶型,由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层4层细胞组成,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体主要为四面体型,成熟花粉为2-细胞型.子房下位,2心皮,1室,单胚珠,基生胎座;单珠被,倒弯生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层;大孢子孢原细胞直接发育为大孢子母细胞,属薄珠心类型;大孢子细胞减数分裂形成直线形4分体,仅合点端1个发育为功能大孢子,功能大孢子经3次连续的有丝分裂形成7细胞8核的成熟雌配子体,雌配子体发育方式为蓼型.2个极核在受精前融合为次生核,合点端反足细胞短命,形成后不久即退化消失.珠孔受精,属有丝分裂前类型;初生胚乳核早于合子分裂,胚乳发育为核型,具胚乳吸器;胚胎发育为紫菀型菊苣变型,早期发达的胚柄对胚的发育具重要意义.     

防己黄芪汤HPLC-UV/ELSD指纹图谱研究

目的建立防己黄芪汤(FHD)HPLC-UV/ELSD指纹图谱分析方法,归属和指认复方中主要特征峰。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Venusil MP C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),紫外检测器:检测波长为254 nm,蒸发光散射检测器:漂移管温度为110℃,空气体积流量为3 L/min;进样量10μL;体积流量为1 m L/min。运用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2008版)》对10批FHD指纹图谱进行相似度计算,并对共有峰进行药材归属及成分指认。结果建立了FHD指纹图谱;10批FHD指纹图谱相似度良好;在FHD HPLC-UV指纹图谱中标定了20个共有峰,其中3、6~8号峰来自防己,1、2、4、5、9、12、13、16、20号峰来自黄芪,10、11、13、14、15、17~19号峰来自甘草。在FHD HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱中标定了16个共有峰,其中1’~3’号峰来自防己,4’、7’、9’、11’、13’、15’、16’号峰来自黄芪,5’~8’、10’、12’、14’号峰来自甘草。通过进样对照品、复方以及在复方中加对照品的方式指认出复方中9个成分,分别为9/4’号峰(毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷)、11/6’号峰(甘草苷)、13/7’号峰(芒柄花苷)、15号峰(甘草素)、16/9’号峰(毛蕊异黄酮)、20/15’号峰(芒柄花素),11’号峰(黄芪甲苷)、13’号峰(黄芪皂苷II)、16’号峰(黄芪皂苷I)。结论首次建立了FHD HPLC-UV/ELSD指纹图谱分析方法,该法操作简单、准确,精密度、重复性好,可用于表征FHD中化学成分信息,为FHD质量控制提供了可靠的科学依据。     

Would You Buy Plant-Based Beef Patties? A Survey on Product Attribute Preference and Willingness to Pay among Consumers in Liaoning Province,China

Carbon emissions from the production of beef account for the majority of carbon emissions from animal husbandry, and animal husbandry, in turn, is the main driver of global carbon emissions. At present, there are relatively few studies of consumer preferences for beef substitutes, especially in developing countries. However, plant-based meat is of great significance in solving the tense relationship between supply and demand, ensuring sustainable development, further improving food safety, and improving animal welfare. Based on survey data from 1146 consumers in Liaoning province, China, this paper adopts the choice experiment method to study consumer preferences and willingness to pay for four types of plant-based beef patty product attributes, traceability, safety certification, brand, and price, using the multivariate logit (MNL) model. The results show that consumers show greater preference and willingness to pay for plant-based beef patties with strong traceability, fully disclosed safety certification information, and mature production technology. Consumers generally have strong brand preferences, while there are some differences in preference for other product attributes. In addition, environmentally-focused consumers have a greater degree of preference for traceable products. This study explores the micro decision mechanism of the purchase of plant-based meat products in developing countries. The research conclusions of this paper have guiding significance for businesses engaged in plant-based meat production and processing because of the addition and use of attribute tags. This study also has reference significance for the regulatory standards of decision-making departments and government investment.     

试论微生态中药制剂——开发意义与实践

中药应用生物技术转化是中药现代化的一个前沿研究领域.微生态中药制剂是在传统的中药制备中,引入益生细菌等有益微生物发酵技术制备的口服类中药制剂.该文试图应用医学微生态学理论和通过对中华圣宝口服液等微生态中药制剂的深度剖析,阐述开发微生态中药制剂的现实意义.     

人参全球产地生态适宜性分析及农田栽培选地规范

通过开展人参全球范围内产地生态适宜性分析及农田栽培选地规范制定,为农田栽参合理规划生产布局及规范化种植提供科学依据。采用中国中医科学院中药研究所自主研发的"药用植物全球产地生态适宜性区划信息系统"(global geographic information system for medicinal plant,GMPGIS),以本草文献记载的道地产区、野生分布区以及当前主产区271个样点的生态环境因子值为计算依据,经过生态相似性分析获得人参全球范围内的最佳生态适宜产区和潜在种植区,主要包括美国、加拿大、中国、俄罗斯、日本、朝鲜、法国、意大利、乌克兰、韩国等国家。其中,人参在中国的生态适宜产区主要包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、陕西、甘肃、湖北、四川、内蒙古、山东和山西等省区。另外,在产地生态适宜性分析结果和项目组多年农田栽参研究数据基础上,结合文献及对部分种植基地的调研结果,初步制订了农田栽参选地规范。该研究为人参农田规模化种植、引种栽培和保护抚育提供科学依据,农田栽参选地规范为高品质人参的科学生产奠定基础。     

中药原生态种植研究

中药原生态种植是一种生态的种植模式,具有一定的安全性、地域性、效益性等基本特征,是我国中医药事业和天然药物产业健康发展的必由之路。中药原生态种植对于提高栽培药材质量,改善生态环境,保证中药资源的可持续利用,实现人与自然和谐共处有着巨大而深远的意义。