结节病与菌阴结核病的鉴别诊断方法研究进展

结节病是一种原因未明的、多系统受累的肉芽肿性疾病,以呼吸系统受累多见.其临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,病理表现为非干酪样坏死性肉芽肿,需排除其他病因后方能确立诊断.在中国这样一个结核病高发的国家,结节病与痰结核菌阴性结核病的鉴别诊断尤其困难,是一个非常值得研究的问题.     

Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Bartonella quintana in a patient during immunosuppressive therapies for collagen vascular diseases

Bartonella quintana, known to cause various clinical symptoms, is increasingly recognized as one important cause of culture-negative endocarditis. We report a case of infectious endocarditis with B. quintana on the prosthetic valve, accompanied by proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive collagen vascular disease-like symptoms 1 year earlier.     

Number of sputum specimens during treatment follow-up of tuberculosis patients: two or one?

Setting:

National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis clinics in Chennai and Madurai, India.

Objective:

To examine the pattern of serial smears (negative-negative [NN], negative-positive [NP], positive-negative [PN], positive-positive [PP]) during treatment follow-up of culture-confirmed new smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) patients, and the proportion of culture-negatives in each category.

Design:

We reviewed the records and extracted follow-up smear (fluorescent microscopy) and culture (Löwenstein-Jensen) results of patients enrolled in clinical trials from January 2000 to August 2012 and treated with the Category I regimen (2EHRZ₃/4HR₃). Data entry and analysis were performed using EpiData.

Results:

Among 520 patients (176 infected with the human immunodeficiency virus), the proportions of culture-negative patients with NN, discordant (PN or NP) and PP patterns were approximately 98%, 80% and 40%, respectively. The smear-positive culture-negative phenomenon was more frequent in follow-up smear results graded 1+, followed by 2+ and 3+.

Conclusion:

There is justification for discontinuing the examination of second specimens during treatment follow-up among TB patients. However, a positive result on the first smear needs to be confirmed by a second positive result before making clinical management decisions. The World Health Organization may need to reconsider its recommendation on this issue.     

微生物培养结果对THA术后慢性假体周围感染二期翻修术疗效的影响

目的:探讨全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)术后慢性假体周围感染(periprosthetic joint infection,PJI)患者的微生物培养结果对二期翻修术疗效的影响?方法:回顾性分析中国人民解放军北京军区总医院收治的48例行二期翻修术治疗的THA术后慢性PJI(共48髋)患者的临床资料?所有患者一期清创手术时取出假体并置入万古霉素骨水泥占位器;待感染控制后应用骨水泥型假体进行二期翻修,术后应用敏感抗生素治疗?疗效评估指标为控制感染耗时?感染复发率?疼痛评分(visual analog scale,VAS)?Harris髋关节评分以及常规X线检查结果?结果:细菌培养阳性(culture positive,CP)35例,培养性阴性(culture negative,CN)13例?一期清创术后所有患者的感染均得到控制,CN组控制感染耗时较CP组长[(119.3 ± 30.1)d vs.(98.4 ± 25.9)d,P=0.03];二期翻修术后门诊随访9~49个月(平均29.6个月),末次随访时所有患者的髋关节功能和疼痛较术前均有明显改善?但CN组疼痛VAS评分显著高于CP组[(2.8 ± 1.6)分 vs.(1.8 ± 1.2)分,P=0.03]?髋关节Harris评分显著低于CP组[(79.1 ± 9.1)分vs.(85.6 ± 7.1)分,P=0.01],术后优良率也明显较CP组低(53.8% vs. 85.7%,P=0.04)?CN组和CP组各有2例复发,但两组感染复发率差异无统计学意义(15.4% vs. 5.7%,P=0.62)?结论:采用二期翻修术可有效控制THA术后的慢性PJI,但CN患者的翻修术疗效明显较CP患者差?推测提高病原微生物的检出率并针对性应用敏感抗生素可能对改善PJI翻修术疗效有重要意义?     

血培养阴性感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断及外科治疗

目的 探讨血培养阴性感染性心内膜炎（IE）的临床诊断、外科手术时机选择和围手术期处理的策略。方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2012年7月武汉亚洲心脏病医院收治的240例IE患者的临床资料,根据血培养结果分组,其中血培养阴性组158例,男88例、女70例,年龄（51.3±10.1） 岁;血培养阳性组82例,男45例、女37例,年龄（48.9±9.8） 岁。所有患者均行手术治疗,术中彻底清除赘生物、被破坏的瓣膜,切除瓣环邻近的坏死组织,同期行心瓣膜置换术或心内修补术。术后住ICU进行常规监护,给予强心、利尿、对症治疗,足量应用抗生素4～6周。结果 两组患者死亡4例,1例为低心排血量综合征、3例死于多器官功能衰竭,其中血培养阳性组死亡1例,血培养阴性组死亡3例,两组病死率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.15,P=0.70）。其余患者均康复顺利出院;所有患者均进行随访6～36个月（中位随访时间22个月）,其中2例死亡,1例于手术后2年死于脑梗塞,1例于术后3年死于脑出血。结论 血培养阴性IE炎患者应予广谱抗生素治疗,迅速控制病情,给予足够的量和时间,积极手术治疗,降低院内死亡率,改善患者生活质量和预后。     

结节病和菌阴性结核病鉴别诊断新方法的临床评价

目的:验证和评价实时荧光定量PCR检测结核分枝杆菌DNA(TB-PCR)和临床-病理-影像综合评分系统在结节病与菌阴性结核病鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:采用TB-PCR检测和临床-病理-影像综合评分,分析鉴别病理活检报告为"结节病或增殖性结核病"的91例患者,并通过随访验证诊断准确率,评价2种鉴别诊断方法的临床应用价值。结果:①TB-PCR检测结果,91例患者中77例结核分枝杆菌DNA为阴性,14例阳性,阳性率为15.4%。而这77例TB-PCR检测结果为阴性的患者中,随访后仍维持诊断为结节病者74例,结核病2例,无法确定诊断者1例;14例TB-PCR检测结果为阳性的患者中,随访后仍维持诊断结核病3例,结节病8例,无法确定诊断3例。TB-PCR检测结果与随访后诊断一致的病例共77例(结核病3例、结节病74例),诊断明确率为84.6%(77/91),而诊断结节病的准确率达93.9%(77/82)。②临床-病理-影像综合评分结果,91例患者中经评分诊断为结节病者80例,诊断为结核病者11例。80例评分诊断为结节病的患者中,随访后仍维持结节病诊断者75例,结核病1例,无法确定诊断者4例。在11例评分诊断为结核病的患者中,随访后诊断仍维持结核病诊断者4例,结节病7例。评分结果与随访后诊断一致的病例共79例(结核病4例、结节病75例),诊断明确率为86.8%(79/91),诊断结节病的准确率达97.56%(80/82)。结论:TB-PCR检测和临床-病理-影像综合评分系统对于结节病与菌阴性结核病间的鉴别诊断均具有较高的诊断明确率和准确率。     

初次治疗菌阳肺结核与菌阴肺结核的MSCT影像比较

目的：探讨未经治疗的菌阳肺结核与未经治疗的菌阴肺结核的MSCT影像的异同。材料与方法：回顾性分析560例肺结核的MSCT扫描图像,其中菌阳肺结核240例,菌阴肺结核320例。结果-菌阳肺结核一般表现为病灶密度较低,边缘模糊常见,空洞较菌阴肺结核明显为多,菌阴肺结核一般表现为条索影、斑块状阴影、钙化等硬化灶,但也有部分与菌阳肺结核极为相似。结论：菌阳肺结核和菌阴肺结核各有其影像学特点,二者之间有一定的鉴别点。     

Prevalence and Predictors of Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance in the Empirical Treatment of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

ObjectiveTo better characterize the changing patterns of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in a tertiary academic center in the United States by identifying the prevalence of gram-positive organisms and cephalosporin resistance along with predictors of mortality and antibiotic drug resistance.Patients and MethodsWe reviewed 481 consecutive patients with SBP at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2016. Data on comorbid conditions, etiology of cirrhosis, factors predisposing to infection, and antimicrobial and antibiotic drug use were collected.ResultsWe identified 96 patients (20%) with culture-positive SBP requiring treatment (median age, 60 years; age range, 22-87 years; 44% men). Gram-positive organisms account for more than half of the cases. Overall resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was 10% (n=10). Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin resistance include nosocomial acquisition, recent antibiotic drug use, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The negative predictive value for antibiotic drug resistance in the present model was 96% (70 of 73). Overall mortality at 30 and 90 days was 23% and 37%, respectively.ConclusionThese findings support the recent observation of a rising prevalence of gram-positive organisms in SBP. Despite the changing pattern, third-generation cephalosporins seem to provide adequate empirical treatment in patients with community-acquired and health care–associated SBP without hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Current diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis

The incidence of infective endocarditis continues to rise with a yearly incidence of around 15,000 to 20,000 new cases in the USA. As a result, rapid diagnosis, effective treatment and prompt recognition of complications are essential to desirable clinical outcomes. Recent guidelines such as the Duke criteria have incorporated echocardiography for diagnosis of infective endocarditis, making this diagnostic test mandatory for patients with suspected infective endocarditis. The diversity of pathogens that can cause infective endocarditis, some of which cannot be cultured easily, makes diagnosis even more difficult. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and viridans streptococci groups continue to be the major causative microorganisms of infective endocarditis. In the case of culture-negative endocarditis or infective endocarditis caused by fastidious microorganisms, the polymerase chain reaction and probe-based diagnostic methods are available to clinical reference laboratories.