Gender Effects Following Repeated Administration of Cocaine and Alcohol in Humans

Meta-analysis is applied to aggregate-level studies that model the demand for cigarettes using static, myopic, or rational addiction frameworks in an attempt to synthesize key findings in the literature and to identify determinants of the variation in reported price elasticity estimates across studies. The results suggest that the rational addiction framework produces statistically similar estimates to the static framework but that studies that use the myopic framework tend to report more elastic price effects. Studies that applied panel data techniques or controlled for cross-border smuggling reported more elastic price elasticity estimates, whereas the use of instrumental variable techniques and time trends or time dummy variables produced less elastic estimates. The finding that myopic models produce different estimates than either of the other two model frameworks underscores that careful attention must be given to time series properties of the data.     

Factors Associated with Tobacco Use among Iranian Adolescents: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory

Background: Tobacco use is a significant predisposing factor to many diseases. Protection motivation theory is a well-suited theory, since fear can motivate individuals to change their unhealthy behaviors. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the associations between the constructs of this theory with intention and tobacco use behavior. Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Noshahr, Iran. The participants were 440 high school boys selected using a stratified random sampling in 2016. A questionnaire about tobacco use based on protection motivation theory was developed and its validity and reliability were assessed. The questionnaire included the demographic information, the constructs of theory, and tobacco use behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to test the associations between the constructs with intention and tobacco use. Results: The variables of perceived vulnerability (β = 0/137, P < 0.001), fear (β = 0/149, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (β = 0/249, P < 0.001), perceived intrinsic reward (β = ?0.285, P < 0.001), threat appraisal (β = ?0.25, P < 0.001), and coping appraisal (β = 0.358, P < 0.001) had direct effect and are significant with intention. Moreover, perceived vulnerability (β = ?0.158, P < 0.001), fear (β = ?0.172, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (β = ?0.288, P < 0.001), perceived intrinsic reward (β = 0.329, P < 0.001), threat appraisal (β = 0.265, P < 0.001), and coping appraisal (β = ?0.379, P < 0.001) affected tobacco use indirectly through intention and were significantly associated with behavior. Also, intention had direct effect and is significant with tobacco use (β = ?1.156, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The protection motivation theory provides a useful framework for investigating factors of tobacco use among male students. Future tobacco prevention interventions should focus on increasing the vulnerability and fear, decreasing intrinsic reward, and improving self-efficacy to reduce tobacco use.     

Associations Between Initial Subjective Experiences with Tobacco and Self-Reported Recent Use in Young Adulthood

Background: Youth tobacco use behaviors are predictive of patterns in adulthood and effect long-term health outcomes. Yet, few studies have examined the effect of initial subjective experiences (ISEs) during first tobacco use, which has been found to be an indicator of individuals. sensitivity to nicotine and vulnerability to dependence. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of ISEs across a variety of tobacco products, evaluate the factor structure of ISEs by first tobacco product used, and examine the relationship between ISEs and recent (30-day) use of tobacco products across time, using a university sample. Methods: Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify latent factors present with respect to items measuring ISEs with tobacco, separately by tobacco product (e.g. cigarettes, cigars, hookah, e-cigarettes). Factor scores for positive and negative ISEs were calculated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between ISEs and recent use of each tobacco product, adjusted for age at first use, sex, race/ethnicity, and cohort. Results: ISEs differ by the first tobacco product used. Associations between factor scores for positive and negative ISEs and recent use were found across a variety of tobacco products. Overall, positive ISEs were more strongly associated with recent use, relative to negative ISEs. Conclusions: Further research is needed to identify genetic and biological pathways and social contexts influencing initial subjective experiences with tobacco use, in efforts to delay the initiation for tobacco use and reduce risk for continued use among young adults.     

不同焦油释放量卷烟全烟气气-液界面暴露致细胞毒性、炎症因子释放和细胞凋亡的研究

目的:探讨两种不同焦油释放量卷烟对人支气管上皮细胞的细胞毒性、炎症因子释放水平和细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选取国际标准化组织(ISO)规定抽吸参数下焦油释放量分别为每支9.4 mg的卷烟样品1和每支14.0 mg的卷烟样品2作为研究对象。实验分为洁净空气对照组和烟气染毒组。利用VITROCELL系统产生的洁净空气或稀释的主流烟气以气-液界面方式暴露染毒Beas-2b细胞,经计算洁净空气对照组剂量为0支卷烟产生的主流烟气,烟气染毒组剂量分别为0.12%支、0.27%支、0.57%支、1%支卷烟产生的主流烟气;利用中性红细胞毒性试验检测细胞存活率;ELISA法检测细胞培养液中的IL-6、IL-8释放水平;Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞分析法检测细胞凋亡水平。结果:样品1和样品2产生的主流烟气均可引起Beas-2b细胞存活率降低,炎症因子IL-6、IL-8的释放水平和细胞凋亡率显著增加。在0.12%支的烟气剂量下,样品1与样品2烟气引起的细胞毒性、炎症因子释放水平和细胞凋亡率的差异无统计学意义;在0.57%和1%支的烟气剂量下,样品2的细胞毒性高于样品1。结论:两种不同焦油释放量卷烟样品均可引起细胞毒性、促炎症因子释放和细胞凋亡。在0.57%支~1%支烟气剂量范围内,具有高焦油释放量的卷烟烟气引起的细胞毒性强于低焦油释放量的卷烟烟气。     

100 Million Views of Electronic Cigarette YouTube Videos and Counting: Quantification,Content Evaluation,and Engagement Levels of Videos

BackgroundThe video-sharing website, YouTube, has become an important avenue for product marketing, including tobacco products. It may also serve as an important medium for promoting electronic cigarettes, which have rapidly increased in popularity and are heavily marketed online. While a few studies have examined a limited subset of tobacco-related videos on YouTube, none has explored e-cigarette videos’ overall presence on the platform.ObjectiveTo quantify e-cigarette-related videos on YouTube, assess their content, and characterize levels of engagement with those videos. Understanding promotion and discussion of e-cigarettes on YouTube may help clarify the platform’s impact on consumer attitudes and behaviors and inform regulations.MethodsUsing an automated crawling procedure and keyword rules, e-cigarette-related videos posted on YouTube and their associated metadata were collected between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. Metadata were analyzed to describe posting and viewing time trends, number of views, comments, and ratings. Metadata were content coded for mentions of health, safety, smoking cessation, promotional offers, Web addresses, product types, top-selling brands, or names of celebrity endorsers.ResultsAs of June 30, 2013, approximately 28,000 videos related to e-cigarettes were captured. Videos were posted by approximately 10,000 unique YouTube accounts, viewed more than 100 million times, rated over 380,000 times, and commented on more than 280,000 times. More than 2200 new videos were being uploaded every month by June 2013. The top 1% of most-viewed videos accounted for 44% of total views. Text fields for the majority of videos mentioned websites (70.11%); many referenced health (13.63%), safety (10.12%), smoking cessation (9.22%), or top e-cigarette brands (33.39%). The number of e-cigarette-related YouTube videos was projected to exceed 65,000 by the end of 2014, with approximately 190 million views.ConclusionsYouTube is a major information-sharing platform for electronic cigarettes. YouTube appears to be used unevenly for promotional purposes by e-cigarette brands, and our analyses indicated a high level of user engagement with a small subset of content. There is evidence that YouTube videos promote e-cigarettes as cigarette smoking cessation tools. Presence and reach of e-cigarette videos on YouTube warrants attention from public health professionals and policymakers.     

Conocimiento y percepción de la nocividad del cigarrillo electrónico en población adulta de Barcelona

ObjectiveTo describe knowledge of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and their perceived harmfulness in the population of Barcelona in 2013-2014.MethodsWe used participants from a longitudinal study of a representative sample of the adult population in the city of Barcelona (n = 736). The field work was conducted between May 2013 and February 2014.ResultsAwareness of e-cigarette was 79.2%. The average level of knowledge was 4.4 points out of 10; there were statistically significant differences according to age, educational level, tobacco consumption, and nicotine dependence. Most participants had learned about e-cigarettes through traditional media (57.8%). Nearly half (47.2%) of the participants believed that e-cigarettes are less harmful than conventional cigarettes.ConclusionAdvertising of e-cigarettes in the media should be regulated because there is still scarce scientific evidence about the usefulness and harmful effects of these devices.