氯吡格雷防治动脉粥样硬化缺血性疾病的研究进展

氯吡格雷防治动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂后血栓形成尤其是冠状动脉疾病及其经皮冠脉介入性治疗有了充足的临床试验证据,对于粥样斑块的形成和发展的相关依据正在进行,现就氯吡格雷全面预防和治疗动脉粥样硬化缺血性疾病的研究进展作一综述。     

The neutrophil oxidative burst in diarrhoea – associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome

. Neutrophil-mediated tissue damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (D+ HUS). This study evaluates priming and activation of the neutrophil oxidative burst in D+ HUS using chemiluminescent techniques. Peripheral blood neutrophils from 11 children with acute D+ HUS were examined. No difference was found in the oxidative burst of neutrophils from patients and controls. Serum elastase levels were measured in 8 patients and found to be significantly elevated. Although elastase results suggest neutrophil activation, chemiluminescence studies do not confirm this in the peripheral blood neutrophil. This does not support a significant role for circulating agents in priming and activating the peripheral blood neutrophil. Received August 17, 1995; received in revised form and accepted November 27, 1995     

大鼠内毒素血症时外周血及肺泡内中性粒细胞死亡方式及呼吸爆发

本研究观察大鼠内毒素血症时肺组织中及外周血多形核中性粒细胞（PMN）凋亡，坏死及功能改变的差异。采用Wistar大鼠20只。腹腔注射LPS（O55B5，5mg/kg)造成内毒素血症，给予LPS后2，4，8，12小时（每组5只动物）取血及支气管肺泡灌洗，密度梯度法分离PMN，用流式细胞仪测定凋亡和坏死比例以及呼吸爆发功能的改变，同时采用5只大鼠作为正常对照。结果显示，内毒素血症时外周血和支气管肺泡灌洗液中PMN凋亡细胞比例相似。但与对照相比，外周血PMN坏死比例明显增加，呼吸爆发能力明显受抑，而支气管肺泡灌洗液PMN坏死比例显减少，呼吸爆发能力显增强。结论：在内毒素血症时，扣押于肺组织中的PMN在凋亡和坏死上表现出与比例显减少，呼吸爆发能力显增强，结论：在内毒素血症时，扣押于肺组织中的PMN在凋亡和坏死上表现出与外周血PMN不同的改变，其结果是组织中PMN存活增加，并持续处于活化状态，这与PMN造成组织损伤有关。     

Vertebral body replacement system Synex in unstable burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine

A prospective longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the vertebral body replacement system Synex associated with posterior fixation in unstable burst fractures of the lumbar and thoracic spine. Within 24 months, we treated 28 patients (average age, 41 years; range, 22–64 years; 14 women, 14 men) with acute unstable burst fractures without osteoporosis of the thoracolumbar region (n=16) and the thoracic (n=3) as well as the lumbar (n=9) spine in two stages (primary dorsal transpedicular stabilization and secondary vertebral body replacement). The complications were analyzed and the postoperative follow-up result was evaluated regarding stability, bone fusion, correction loss, pain and neurological status. One patient showed a transient irritation of the lumbosacral plexus and one patient had a superficial wound infection (complication rate, 7.1%). At the follow-up examination (mean follow-up, 13 months) only in two cases a minimal loss of correction (<5°) was measured. Radiologically, 27 patients showed secure bone fusions and all patients had stability of the osteosynthesis. Most of the patients stated no or just slight pain at follow-up. Only two patients with pain to a medium degree had to take painkillers. The vertebral body replacement system Synex seems to be a good alternative for vertebral body replacement in unstable burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine since at present follow-up it shows a high rate of bone fusion and minimal loss of correction.     

可吸收球囊椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的实验研究

[目的]探讨结合短节段椎弓根螺钉系统撑开复位内固定的可吸收球囊椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的生物力学性能变化。[方法]采集6具新鲜固定湿润成人尸体胸腰椎标本，制成T11-L1，L2～4、L1～3节段标本10个，用自由落体撞击试验造成中间椎体爆裂型骨折，行APF椎弓根螺钉撑开复位，经椎弓根于伤椎椎体内置入可吸收高分子材料-DL-乳酸与ε-己内酯（70：30）的共聚物（PDLLA-CL）制作的可吸收球囊，注入自固化磷酸钙骨水泥行可吸收球囊椎体成形术。分别于骨折前、骨折撑开复位椎体成形术后，用万能材料试验机测定中间椎体在前屈、后伸、侧屈状态下应力-应变、轴向刚度变化及扭转应力下刚度的变化。[结果]伤椎经可吸收球囊椎体成形术治疗后，抗压强度均有所增加，前屈为8％，后伸15％，侧屈9．8％，其中以后伸时增加显著（P〈0．05）。治疗后的轴向刚度普遍得到提高，与骨折前相比，前屈增加11％，后伸增加8％，侧屈增加3％。治疗后椎体在扭转应力下刚度小于骨折前，但两者差异不明显（P〉0．05）。[结论]（1）结合短节段椎弓根螺钉系统撑开复位内固定的可吸收球囊椎体成形术，有助于伤椎的重建，术后脊柱的生物力学特性接近骨折前水平；（2）可吸收球囊椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折，在避免骨水泥渗漏可能导致的潜在危险之前提下，从本质上恢复胸腰椎爆裂型骨折伤椎椎体结构的完整性，恢复其高度，从而恢复和维持脊柱的生理弧度，防止继发性脊柱后凸畸形变引起的迟发性腰背痛及脊髓、神经损伤，以从根本上解决单纯用经椎弓根内固定器治疗胸腰椎爆裂型骨折遗留的并发症，为临床治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折提供了一个新的方法。     

Whole-Blood Assay to Measure Oxidative Burst and Degranulation of Neutrophils for Monitoring Trauma Patients

AbstractBackground and Purpose: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) protect the host from invading microorganisms, but excessive PMN activation after trauma causes tissue injury. Rapid monitoring of PMN function is critical for the assessment of the inflammatory state of trauma patients. Here, the authors adapted two simple and rapid methods to measure oxidative burst and degranulation of human PMNs in whole blood to avoid potential interference of cell isolation procedures with the assessment of PMN function.Material and Methods: Heparinized blood was drawn from healthy volunteers or trauma patients, preincubated at 37 °C for 5 min, and stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Four assays for oxidative burst were tested: (1) cytochrome C; (2) homovanillic acid (HVA); (3) Amplex^® Red; and (4) flow cytometry with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). PMN degranulation was assessed with flow cytometry using antibodies to: (1) CD11b/Mac-1 (CD18); (2) CD63; and (3) CD66b (CD67).Results: With the exception of the DHR method, all methods to measure oxidative burst were found to be unsuitable in whole blood due to interference of plasma proteins and hemoglobin with the fluorimetric or photometric readouts. By contrast, all degranulation methods were suitable for whole-blood studies. However, for the assessment of formyl peptide-induced degranulation, anti-antibodies to CD11b/Mac-1 and CD66b were up to five times more sensitive than antibodies to CD63. Thus, the degranulation and DHR methods were optimized for increased sensitivity, speed, and specificity and their usefulness to measure PMN function in trauma patients was tested.Conclusion: The whole-blood methods based on flow cytometry with DHR, anti-CD11b/Mac-1, and anti- CD66b are rapid, simple, and reliable techniques to assess PMN function for trauma research.     

Muscle spasm induced sympathetic reflex bursts on microneurography in a case with pontine demyelination

Microneurography was performed in a 39-year-old woman with demyelination of the pontine white matter associated with muscle spasms in the lower extremities. Single bursts on the microneurogram were observed immediately after cessation of the spasm with no systemic changes in the blood pressure or heart rate. Voluntary tonic flexion of the lower extremities induced similar bursts with small amplitudes. These reflex bursts possessed a characteristic of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, because the latency between the peak of each burst and the prior R-wave on the electrocardiograph was constant. The occurrence of these bursts suggests that a segmental compensatory mechanism in the spinal cord may stabilize the muscle blood flow influenced by muscle contraction.     

Activation of guinea pig eosinophil respiratory burst by leukotriene B4: role of protein kinase C

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and the protein kinase C activator, 4-beta-phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu), both induced a pronounced and concentration-dependent stimulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by purified guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils in the concentration range 1 nM-1 microM. The LTB4 response was inhibited competitively by the specific LTB4 receptor antagonist, U-75302, with a KB of 25 nM, while the concentration-response curves for both stimuli were shifted rightwards (3.8-fold and 2.8-fold for LTB4 and PDBu, respectively) by the competitive protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol at a concentration of 300 microM. LTB4 appears, therefore, to induce respiratory burst in eosinophils via a receptor-mediated mechanism involving protein kinase C.     

不同重复经颅磁刺激模式对脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍干预效果的网状Meta分析

背景 上肢运动功能障碍是脑卒中后常见的后遗症之一,严重影响患者日常生活能力。重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）作为常见的神经电生理技术对治疗脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍有较好的疗效,但临床对不同rTMS干预模式的选择仍缺乏循证依据。目的 采用网状Meta分析方法比较rTMS的4种模式对脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍患者的临床疗效。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网中有关rTMS治疗脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍的随机对照试验,并通过追溯Meta分析的参考文献作为补充。检索时间均为建库至2022年2月,采用主题词和自由词结合方式进行。2名研究者进行文献筛选、资料提取及质量评价。采用RevMan 5.0软件和Stata 16.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 最终纳入17篇文献,790例患者,共涉及6种干预措施：高频rTMS(HF-rTMS)、低频rTMS(LF-rTMS)、间断性theta节律刺激（iTBS）、连续性theta节律刺激（cTBS）、假刺激、常规疗法。网状Meta分析结...