后现代主义视野中的行为主义及其评析

行为主义是最典型地坚持了实证主义原则的心理学流派，它为心理学设定了突出客观性的学科性质、研究对象和研究方法等。而后现代主义对此大胆质疑，否定了行为主义提倡的心理学的自然学科性质，主张心理学的研究对象不以可观察的对象为限，质疑行为主义推崇的客观实证法的唯一性，并促使整个心理学产生了意义深远的转变。但后现代主义自由中伴随的虚无主义这一不足，决定了行为主义及整个心理学发展的新走向将是现代主义与后现代主义的融合。     

Culture Change and Ethnic-Minority Health Behavior: An Operant Theory of Acculturation

Data on acculturation and ethnic-minority health indicate that acculturation has opposite effects on the same health behavior among different ethnic groups; opposite effects on different health behaviors within an ethnic group; opposite effects on the same health behavior for the women vs. the men of most ethnic groups; and no effect whatsoever on some health behaviors for some ethnic groups. This evidence is so incoherent that it is unintelligible, and hence it continues to be largely useless to health psychology and behavioral medicine. This paper presents a new theory of acculturation that renders these confusing data coherent by predicting such changes in minority health behavior a priori. By so doing, the operant model of acculturation has the potential to improve health promotion and disease prevention and thereby reduce ethnic health disparities.     

A Brief History of Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Approaches to Sexual Offenders: Part 1. Early Developments

This is the first of two papers which briefly outline the development of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatment of sexual offenders from the mid-1800s to 1969. We first consider the historic role of Sigmund Freud and note that a broad scientific interest in deviant sexual behavior was well established by 1900. In the early to mid-20th century, two psychologies were prominent in the development of behavioral approaches, those of John B. Watson and Alfred Kinsey. Behavior therapy for a variety of problems emerged in the 1950s and soon found application to deviant sexuality. The development of penile plethysmography helped to focus interest on deviant sexual preference and behavior. While nonbehavioral approaches to sexual offenders paralleled these developments, a combination of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatments began to emerge in the late 1960s which ultimately developed into the approaches more commonly seen today.     

行为主义与建构主义相结合的医学生物化学教学探索

为解决医学生物化学教师难教学生难学的现状,依托认知心理学理论,结合建构主义和行为主义各自的优势,对传统的医学生物化学的教学模式进行改革和探索。教学中依据课程内容特点,学生专业特点以及学习阶段特点三方面因素,合理应用认知心理学设计教学模式,教师引导学生进入课程主体,培养学生的主动参与自我构建,激发学生的学习兴趣,增强了学生的综合素质,切实提高了医学生物化学的教学质量,值得应用和推广。     

Relevance of Ethology to Psychiatry

Abstract: The interactions between ethology and psychiatry were reviewed. The ethological methods have provided more objective and theory-free observation techniques than the traditional psychiatric methods. The evolution-based ethological viewpoints afford some fundamentally new and more comprehensive approaches in understanding psychiatric conditions. The ethological theory has many concepts in common with various other schools of psychiatry, and thus is expected to act as a bridge to integrate them to lead to a more comprehensive psychiatric theory system. Ethology has not explored its potential in therapy, but may be useful, especially in terms of prevention and social psychiatry.     

网络教育与心理学基础

怎样发挥网络的优势进行教学,除了涉及计算机网络技术,更重要的是网络学习过程必须遵循教育心理学原理,并用以指导网络教学的实施,这样才能优化网络教学,达到我们预想的教学效果.     

浅析基于人本主义思想的学习理论整合

鉴于目前学习理论的研究普遍存在“喜新厌旧”现象,文章比较分析了行为主义、认知主义、建构主义学习理论的合理与不足之处,提出学习理论也应当进行整合。并在此基础上,以人本主义思想为核心,分别论述了这三种学习理论进行整合的切入点,进而提出学习理论的整合应该是一种渗透性的动态过程。     

基于斑马鱼模型评价二甲基姜黄素、黄芩苷、紫檀茋对异烟肼导致神经损伤的保护作用

目的 评价二甲基姜黄素、黄芩苷、紫檀茋对异烟肼导致斑马鱼神经损伤的保护作用。方法 挑选受精后2 h（2hpf）的斑马鱼胚胎，设置对照组（胚胎培养用水处理）、异烟肼组（4 mmol/L）、二甲基姜黄素（0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 μmol/L）组、黄芩苷（0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0 μmol/L）组、紫檀茋（0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 μmol/L）组，异烟肼分别与不同浓度的药物共处理120 h，用Zebrabox斑马鱼行为分析仪分析斑马鱼幼鱼行为学轨迹变化，荧光显微镜下观察斑马鱼幼鱼多巴胺神经元的发育情况。结果 与对照组比较，异烟肼组运动轨迹明显减少，运动总距离和低速、中速运动距离均显著下降（P<0.01），运动速度明显降低；神经节长度显著降低（P<0.01）。与异烟肼组比较，二甲基姜黄素组运动轨迹明显增加，斑马鱼运动状态主要为低速运动，各浓度的二甲基姜黄素组斑马鱼总运动距离和低速运动距离均显著增加（P<0.01），运动速度明显增加，0.5、2.0、4.0 μmol/L的二甲基姜黄素组中速运动距离显著增加（P<0.01）；黄芩苷组运动轨迹明显增加，0.1、0.2、0.5和1.0 μmol/L的黄芩苷组斑马鱼总运动距离和低速运动距离均显著增加（P<0.01），运动速度明显增加；0.5和1.0 μmol/L紫檀茋组运动轨迹明显增加，紫檀茋0.5 μmol/L组的总运动距离和低速运动距离均显著增加（P<0.01），紫檀茋0.5和1.0 μmol/L浓度组运动速度明显增加。与异烟肼组比较，二甲基姜黄素和黄芩苷各浓度组多巴胺相对神经节长度显著增加（P<0.01）；紫檀茋1 μmol/L组相对神经节长度显著增加（P<0.01）。结论 二甲基姜黄素、黄芩苷和0.5、1.0 μmol/L紫檀茋对异烟肼导致的斑马鱼神经损伤有明显保护作用。     

行为主义理论在小儿脑瘫功能训练中的应用

目的探讨桑代克的行为主义理论在脑瘫患儿运动功能训练中的作用。方法将80例脑瘫患儿按时间先后顺序分为两组,一对一训练组36例采用一对一的训练,综合训练组44例采用综合训练,以改善主、客观因素对脑瘫患儿训练活动中的不利影响。结果通过采用上述两种不同的治疗方式对患儿进行运动功能训练,一对一训练组36例患儿疗效显著19例,有效11例,无效6例;综合训练组疗效显著31例,有效11例,无效2例。采用Ridit分析u=34.333,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义。结论行为主义理论指导下进一步深化的综合训练法是以患儿为中心的综合性治疗,疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

A Tentative Classification of "Neuroses" Based on Behavioristic Consideration of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms

Abstract: Pathogenetic mechanisms of "neuroses" were reconsidered based on a behavioristic framework which includes not only the traditional stimulus-response learning theory but also the concept of conflict proposed by Lewin. Most of the subtypes of "neuroses"—with the exception of panic disorder—were divided into two categories: conditioned fear-related disorders and conflict-related disorders. Phobias have been suggested to be caused by an escape or avoidance behavior motivated by an unconditioned or conditioned fear and obsessive compulsive disorder by an avoidance behavior motivated by a conditioned fear, while such disorders as posttraumatic disorder or hypochondriasis (nosophobia) were considered to be direct manifestations of conditioned fear. Generalized anxiety and depersonalization disorders were suggested to be caused by conflicts, but these conflicts seemed to persist even after the appearance of the symptoms. In contrast, appearances of conversion, somatization, somatoform pain, psychogenic fugue, or psychogenic amnesia were suggested to result in a temporary attenuation of the causative conflicts.