A Comparative Study on the Effect of BCG-PSN and Thymopeptides on T-lymphocyte Subsets of Normal and Immunosuppressed Mice

Polysaccharidenucleicacidfractionofbacilluscalmetteguerin (BCG PSN ,SiqikangInjection)andthymopeptidesarenowtwowidelyusedimmunomod ulatorsinclinicalpractice .Theyareusuallyusedasanadjuvanttherapyforvirusinfection ,autoimmunediseasesandneoplasms ,whichhavebeenclinicallyprovedtobeeffective .Somereportsdemonstratedthattheybothcanstimulatetheproliferationanddif ferentiationofT lymphocytes.However ,theexactmechanismshavenotbeenelucidatedyet .InordertocomparetheirmodulatingmechanismsonT lympho c…     

脓汁查抗酸阳性杆菌感染一例报道

患者，王丽莹，女，47岁，患者主诉，左侧乳房始终有一溃疡，并流脓汁，看过好多地方，用过好多抗菌素，始终未治愈。     

医院内下呼吸道革兰阴性杆菌感染59例临床分析

目的：探讨医院内下呼吸道革兰阴性杆菌感染的病原菌谱、药物敏感性及主要危险因素。方法：回顾性分析我院1998年1月～2001年12月医院内获得性下呼吸道感染，所取痰标本行细菌学培养，阳性菌以K—B纸片法行药物敏感性测定。结果：共获73株革兰阴性杆菌，其中，铜绿假单胞菌(28．77％)，克雷伯杆菌(26．03％)，大肠埃希菌(23．28％)等，共同构成我院医院内下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌。基础疾病以气管插管或气管切开机械通气、昏迷、患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病、使用广谱抗生素以及高龄患者是造成医院内感染的主要危险因素。第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类和氨基甙类抗生素为治疗革兰阴性杆菌的有效抗生素。结论：抵抗力低下、不合理应用抗生素及基础疾病严重是造成医院内下呼吸道感染的主要危险因素。下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌感染为主。出现多重耐药菌，应根据药敏选择抗生素，必要时联合用药。     

肠道革兰氏阴性杆菌及孤菌快速鉴定的研究

目的：为寻求肠道G杆菌及弧菌快速鉴定的方法。方法：菌种经增菌及分离培养后，取菌落接种于综合生化培养基，并在综合生化培养基管口悬挂硫化氢和靛基质试纸条。同时以克氏双糖铁培养基作对照，置37℃培养18-24h。取综合生化管培养基，外加测试氧化酶，共获取11项生化指标。结果：对689株不同菌种与综合生化管培养基和常规双糖铁培养的测试结果，符合率为99．97％，(7577/7579)和99．79％(7563/7579)。结论：综合生化管是适合医疗卫生单位微生物实验室的一种快速检验方法。     

耐碳青霉烯革兰阴性杆菌耐药性及耐药基因blaKPC的分子特征

目的 探讨耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的临床耐药性及耐药基因blaKPC的分子特征。方法 分析2017年1月-2018年12月某院临床检出的耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌。通过WHONET 5.6软件对药物敏感试验数据进行统计分析,采用PCR检测碳青霉烯耐药基因blaKPC、blaNDM、blaIMP、blaVIM、blaOXA-48,对PCR阳性产物进行DNA测序,分析耐药基因的分子结构特点。结果 共收集510株耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌,其中耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）420株,耐碳青霉烯非肠杆菌科细菌90株。菌株主要来自重症监护病房（ICU）、神经外科和呼吸科,分别占60.8%、11.8%、5.3%;标本来自痰、脓性分泌物、静脉血、无菌中段尿,分别占66.9%、8.8%、8.2%、6.5%。耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物具有较高的耐药性。PCR结果显示,420株CRE中blaKPC、blaNDM、blaIMP的阳性率分别为54.3%（228/420）、1.2%（5/420）、1.4%（6/420）,未检测出blaVIM和blaOXA-48基因,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌分别占携带blaKPC CRE的83.8%、11.8%、2.6%;其他少见菌种中也检出blaKPC基因。非肠杆菌科细菌中仅有2株鲍曼不动杆菌检测出blaKPC。DNA测序结果显示,174株携带blaKPC的菌株中173株检测为blaKPC-2、1株检测为blaKPC-1。结论 该地区耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性菌以CRE为主,其中以携带blaKPC-2的肺炎克雷伯菌占绝对优势,其他菌株中也均有发现。提示临床需重点加强耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的监测及预防,防控blaKPC的传播流行。     

Guidelines for the diagnosis,treatment, prevention and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli

The dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CRGNB) is a global public health issue. CRGNB isolates are usually extensively drug-resistant or pandrug-resistant, resulting in limited antimicrobial treatment options and high mortality. A multidisciplinary guideline development group covering clinical infectious diseases, clinical microbiology, clinical pharmacology, infection control, and guideline methodology experts jointly developed the present clinical practice guidelines based on best available scientific evidence to address the clinical issues regarding laboratory testing, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention of CRGNB infections. This guideline focuses on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Sixteen clinical questions were proposed from the perspective of current clinical practice and translated into research questions using PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes) format to collect and synthesize relevant evidence to inform corresponding recommendations. The grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence, benefit and risk profile of corresponding interventions and formulate recommendations or suggestions. Evidence extracted from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was considered preferentially for treatment-related clinical questions. Observational studies, non-controlled studies, and expert opinions were considered as supplementary evidence in the absence of RCTs. The strength of recommendations was classified as strong or conditional (weak). The evidence informing recommendations derives from studies worldwide, while the implementation suggestions combined the Chinese experience. The target audience of this guideline is clinician and related professionals involved in management of infectious diseases.     

结核杆菌特异性单克隆抗体研究

目的 :制备结核菌特异性单克隆抗体 ;检测患者胸 (腹 )水、脑脊液中结核菌特异性抗原。方法 :制备特异性单克隆抗体 ,制备兔抗结核菌高效价多克隆抗体血清 ;DOT -ELISA法检测患者胸、腹水或脑脊液中结核菌特异性抗原。结果 :检测结核性胸 (腹 )水、结核性脑膜炎和脑结核球患者的脑脊液、恶性胸水、脑囊虫患者的脑脊液 ,结核菌抗原检查阳性率分别为 75 %、10 0 %、5 8%、0 %和 0 %。结论 :为结核性胸 (腹 )膜炎 ,结核性脑膜炎、脑结核球的诊断和鉴别诊断提供了快速、简便、准确的检查方法     

Risks of BCG intralesional therapy: an experience with melanoma.

A nearly fatal allergic reaction to intratumor BCG injections was associated with a complete remission of recurrent malignant melanoma. Clinical course and histologic sections suggested both anaphylactic and Arthus reactions. The occurrence of reactions at BCG injection sites as well as at uninjected sites of tumor suggests common BCG and melanoma antigens. The management of events involved in this often fatal postimmunotherapy complication involves the early administration of parenteral fluids, antituberculous therapy, antihistamines, and possible steroids. The prophylactic use of antihistamines and an in-hospital administration of intralesional BCG immunotherapy are strongly suggested. In the future, prophylactic INH may prove to be both therapeutically efficacious and protective against infectious complications.     

整肠生治疗胃癌根治术后腹泻的临床观察

目的：从微生态角度现察胃癌根治术后腹泻临床治疗。方法：治疗组：27例胃癌根治术后腹泻患者用整肠生胶囊，2粒／次、3次／日口服。对照组：27例胃癌根治术后腹泻患者用吡哌酸0．58／次，3次／日口服。治疗前后观察粪便球杆菌比变化。结果：治疗组总有效率93％，以及恢复正常菌群高于对照组，有显著差异。结论：整肠生有效治疗胃癌根治术后腹泻。     

医院内G-杆菌产酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解医院常见G-杆菌的产酶及耐药情况为临床控制感染提供依据。方法收集2002-01～12住院病人分离的对三代头孢菌素至少有一种耐药的易产酶G-杆菌,采用传统K-B法进行药物监测,并使用改良的三维试验法检测细菌产酶情况。结果所监测大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率为94.0%、100%,大肠埃希菌AmpC的检出率为3.0%;易产诱导酶阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、粘质沙雷菌、奇异变形杆菌ESBLs检出率分别为47.0%、86.0%、80.0%、100%、40.0%。其中阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌AmpC酶的检出率为29.0%、14.0%、13.0%;鲍曼不动杆菌AmpC的检出率为33.0%;另外有7.0%的弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌、3.0%的大肠埃希菌产SSBL。亚胺培南是治疗严重易产酶细菌感染的首选药物。结论G-杆菌存在严重耐药,要正确区分细菌产酶机制,为临床控制感染提供正确的依据。