Polymorphism of renin-angiotensin system genes in progressive IgA nephropathy

Summary: Clinical studies revealed that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor reduces proteinuria and attenuates progressive decline in renal function in IgA nephropathy. Recent studies by us and others have demonstrated that the homozygote of the D allele (DD) of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is a potential risk factor for poor prognosis in IgA nephropathy, and that this deletion polymorphism predicts the therapeutic efficacy of ACE inhibition on proteinuria and, potentially, on progressive deterioration of renal function in patients with the nephropathy.     

Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND.: There is agreement that a family history of hypertension (HT),is a predictor for the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN) inpatients with type 2 diabetes, and possibly also type 1 diabetes.It follows that genes related to the risk of hypertension mustalso be considered candidate genes for DN. The 235T allele ofthe angiotensinogen gene was found to be related to primaryHT. METHODS.: To examine whether it is predictive for DN as well, we examinedthe angiotensinogen gene polymorphism in 230 healthy local controls,423 patients with type 1 diabetes (n=180 with DN; n=243 withoutDN) and 663 patients with type 2 diabetes (n=310 with DN; n=353without DN). The angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism wasdetermined using PCR amplification. RESULTS.: The following results were obtained (i) no significant differenceof genotype distribution (type 1: MM/MT/TT(%) 27.6/57.2/15.2vs. 27.2/56.1/16.7 (P=0.92); type 2: MM/MT/TT (%) 31.7/48.2/20.1vs. 32.9/46.8/20.3 (P=0.93)) or allele frequencies (type 1:M 0.56 vs. 0.55 (P=0.795); type 2: M 0.56 vs. 0.56 (P=0.86))was found, between diabetic patients with or without DN, (ii)no difference was found between normotensive and hypertensivediabetic patients. CONCLUSION.: The data argue against a role of the angiotensinogen gene M235Tpolymorphism in the manifestation of diabetic nephropathy orhypertension in diabetic patients.     

血管紧张素原基因的六种单核苷酸多态与原发性高血压的相关性

目的　研究血管紧张素原 (angiotensinogen,AGT)基因 6个位点的单核苷酸多态及其构成的单倍型与中国汉族人原发性高血压的相关性。方法　采用多重SNa Pshot反应 ,在 185例原发性高血压患者和185名健康对照者中 ,对 AGT基因启动子区域的 G- 2 17A、G- 15 2 A、A- 2 0 C、G- 6 A及第 2外显子的T174 M和 M2 35 T多态进行基因分型。结果　 6种单核苷酸多态的基因型分布及其等位基因频率在原发性高血压组和对照组中差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。单倍型分析提示由 - 15 2 A,- 2 0 C,- 6 A和 2 35 T等位基因构成的 H4单倍型在原发性高血压组中明显增加 ,与对照组相比差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　AGT基因G- 15 2 A,A- 2 0 C,G- 6 A和 M2 35 T多态可能对中国汉族人原发性高血压的发病起了重要作用。     

Relationship of polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system and in E-selectin of patients with early severe coronary heart disease

 Previous association studies between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensinogen (AGT) polymorphisms and several cardiovascular diseases have reported variable results. Therefore we examined the association of the DNA variants of ACE and AGT with early, severe coronary heart disease (CHD). In addition, we compared the genotypes of both polymorphisms and the recently discovered polymorphism in the E-selectin gene in both patients and an unselected population. This study included 113 patients with severe CHD (50 years old or less) and up to 197 control subjects. The frequencies of the ACE I/D variants were 48% I and 52% D in the controls and 46% I and 54% D in the patients. The frequencies of the AGT-M235T polymorphism were 60.8% M and 39.2% T in controls and 49.1% M and 50.9% T in the patients. The frequencies of the S128R polymorphism of the E-selectin were 91.3% S and 8.7% R in controls and 84.5% S and 15.5% R in the patients. In our studies the DD genotype of ACE was not associated with early severe CHD. We found a correlation between the M235T molecular variant of AGT and the S128R variant of E-selectin to early severe CHD. Received: 15 February 1996 / Accepted: 2 October 1996     

Reevaluation of the Correlation between Angiotensinogen Gene M235T Polymorphism and Familial Essential Hypertension Using MS-PCR Technique

Renin- angiotensin system( RAS) candidat-ing gene,such as angiotensinogen( Ag T) as wellas angiotensin- converting enzyme( ACE) genepolymorphism were thought to have positive association with various cardiovasculardiseases.In1 992 ,Jeunemaitre[1] detected a microsatellitepolymorphism in the region of the an-giotensinogen gene which has linked to occur-rence of essential hypertension.Further analysisled to detection of several mutations in the cod-ing region of angiotensinogen gene[2 ] . Ma…     

肾素-血管紧张素系统基因多态性与慢性心力衰竭的关系

[目的]探讨中国南方汉族人群中,血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）及血管紧张素原（AGT）双基因多态性与慢性心力衰竭发病的关系.[方法]用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术检测111例慢性心力衰竭患者和110例健康者的ACE基因I/D及AGT基因M235T的多态性.[结果]①慢性心力衰竭组DD基因型与D等位基因的频率均高于对照组.DD基因型0.468比0.227,P＜0.01;D等位基因0.667比0.436,P＜0.01.②AGT基因M235T多态性在慢性心力衰竭组及对照组的分布无统计学差异.③ACE及AGT双位点多态性联合分析显示慢性心力衰竭组DD＋TT基因型频率显著高于对照组（0.351比0.117,P＜0.01）,与Ⅱ＋MM型者相比,具有该联合基因型者发生慢性心力衰竭的风险优势比（OR）为6.799,高于单基因分析的ACE-DD型者（OR=3.948）.[结论]ACE基因I/D多态性与中国南方汉族人群慢性心力衰竭的发生有关,ACE基因DD型可能是该地区慢性心力衰竭发病的遗传危险因素;单独AGT基因M235T多态性与慢性心力衰竭的发生似无明显关系,但AGT及ACE基因在慢性心力衰竭的发生中具有交互作用,DD型者若同时携带TT基因型,发生慢性心力衰竭的危险性增高.     

肾素-血管紧张素系统基因多态性与慢性心力衰竭的关系

 [目的]探讨中国南方汉族人群中,血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）及血管紧张素原（AGT）双基因多态性与慢性心力衰竭发病的关系.[方法]用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术检测111例慢性心力衰竭患者和110例健康者的ACE基因I/D及AGT基因M235T的多态性.[结果]①慢性心力衰竭组DD基因型与D等位基因的频率均高于对照组.DD基因型0.468比0.227,P＜0.01;D等位基因0.667比0.436,P＜0.01.②AGT基因M235T多态性在慢性心力衰竭组及对照组的分布无统计学差异.③ACE及AGT双位点多态性联合分析显示慢性心力衰竭组DD＋TT基因型频率显著高于对照组（0.351比0.117,P＜0.01）,与Ⅱ＋MM型者相比,具有该联合基因型者发生慢性心力衰竭的风险优势比（OR）为6.799,高于单基因分析的ACE-DD型者（OR=3.948）.[结论]ACE基因I/D多态性与中国南方汉族人群慢性心力衰竭的发生有关,ACE基因DD型可能是该地区慢性心力衰竭发病的遗传危险因素;单独AGT基因M235T多态性与慢性心力衰竭的发生似无明显关系,但AGT及ACE基因在慢性心力衰竭的发生中具有交互作用,DD型者若同时携带TT基因型,发生慢性心力衰竭的危险性增高.     

The Renin — Angiotensin — Aldosterone System in Pre-Eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia is characterised physiologically by plasma volume contraction, intravascular coagulation and intense vasoconstriction. It was originally thought that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system would be overactive but studies have shown a more complex picture.

Plasma renin activity (PRA) and concentration (PRC) and plasma angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone concentrations (PAC) are reduced compared to normal pregnancy. Total renin concentration is normal and plasma concentrations of high molecular weight angiotensinogen are increased in pre-eclampsia though total angiotensinogen is normal.

PRA and PRC respond appropriately to physiologic stimuli in pre-eclampsia except for impaired renin release following frusemide, possibly due to prostacyclin deficiency. Although plasma AII concentrations are reduced there is heightened pressor sensitivity to infused AII — the mechanism(s) for this are unknown. PAC is reduced but the ratio PAC:PRC is twofold greater in pre-eclampsia than normal pregnancy. This does not appear to be due to changes in potassium, atrial natriuretic peptide, dopamine or ACTH, and may be another manifestation of increased (adrenal) sensitivity to AII in pre-eclampsia.

There is an inverse relationship between the plasma active renin to prorenin ratio and the clinical severity of pre-eclampsia. Understanding the mechanisms producing these changes in the RAA system in pre-eclampsia will give strong clues to the overall pathogenesis of this disorder.     

Angiotensinogen gene polymorphism and ischemic stroke in East Asians A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and ischemic stroke in East Asians. DATA RETRIEVAL: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed, Google scholar, China National Knowledge lnfrastructure database between January 1990 and April 2012 for relevant studies. The were angiotensinogen or AGT, polymorphism or genetic and ischemic stroke or cerebral infarction. SELECTION CRITERIA: Case-controlled studies addressing the correlation between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and ischemic stroke in East Asians were included. The distribution of genotypes in the included studies was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Quality evaluation of the included studies was conducted by two physicians. Statistical analyses were carried out using Stata 12.0 software for meta-analysis. Heterogeneity tests, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The association between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and ischemic stroke risk in East Asians was assessed. RESULTS: Six relevant studies involving 891 patients with ischemic stroke and 727 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that there was a significant association between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and the risk of ischemic stroke in East Asians (T vs. M: odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-2.16; TT vs. MM: OR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.37-3.66; TT vs. MT: OR = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.41-2.20; MM + MT vs. TT: OR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.46-0.70). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the study results were stable and reliable, with no publication bias. CONCLUSION: The angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism is associated with ischemic stroke in East Asians, and the TT genotype and T allele are risk factors for ischemic stroke.