Brachytherapy: An emblematic example of extreme hypofractionated regimen

In order to provide more convenient irradiation regimens for patient comfort, radiation facility organization and health expenses, new hypofractionated protocols have been evaluated. Moderately (dose/fraction: 2.3 to 3 Gy), then ultra (dose/fraction: 5.2 to 6.1 Gy) hypofractionated irradiations were first validated. The current question is: is it possible to go forward using extreme hypofractionated regimens (EHR) based on 1 to 3 fractions. Different irradiation techniques are under investigation. However, brachytherapy remains the smartest way to deliver a high dose in a small volume. We report prospective and retrospective study results which evaluated EHR for breast and prostate brachytherapy. While oncological outcome and toxicity profile appear extremely encouraging for low-risk breast cancer after a 1 to 4 fractions (6.25 to 20 Gy/fraction), the use of a single fraction of 19 to 23 Gy appears debatable for prostate cancer. Brachytherapy represents an emblematic example of EHR but longer follow-up and more mature results are awaited in order to specify the right indications and refine the EQD2 calculation method including new biological and technical factors.     

Hypofractionated radiation therapy for invasive breast cancer: From moderate to extreme protocols

Adjuvant irradiation is the standard treatment after breast conservative surgery. Normofractionated regimen with an overall treatment time of 5 to 6 weeks is often considered as a limiting factor for irradiation compliance. In order to answer this issue, moderate and more recently extreme hypofractionated protocols appeared. We report here oncological outcomes and toxicity of hypofractionated breast irradiation. After defining the frame of moderate and extreme hypofractionated breast irradiations based on overall treatment time, patient selection criteria were listed. According to their levels of proof, the results of moderate and extreme hypofractionated breast irradiation were analysed. Overall treatment time for moderate hypofractionated breast irradiation ranged from 3 to 4 weeks, while for extreme hypofractionated breast irradiation, it was less than 1 week. For moderate hypofractionated breast irradiation, whole breast irradiation was currently performed with or without lymph node irradiation. Moderate hypofractionated breast irradiation has proven to be as safe and as efficient as normofractionated breast irradiation with level IA evidence. For extreme hypofractionated breast irradiation, phase III randomized trials confirmed that accelerated partial breast irradiation was non-inferior in terms of local control compared to normofractionated whole breast irradiation (with external beam radiation therapy and multicatheter brachytherapy), with similar acute and late toxicity. While the use of intraoperative breast irradiation remains under debate, new very accelerated partial breast irradiation (overall treatment time not exceeding 2 days) protocols emerged with encouraging results. Accelerated partial breast irradiation is warranted for extreme hypofractionated breast irradiation and is indicated for low-risk breast cancers. Moderate and extreme hypofractionated breast irradiation regimens are validated and can be routinely proposed according to patient selection criteria.     

高龄产妇产后抑郁影响因素的质性研究

目的 探究高龄产妇产后抑郁的影响因素，为护理人员今后在临床工作中提供个性化的护理服务提供参考依据。方法 采用质性研究中的现象学研究法对2021年12月至2022年4月在内蒙古医科大学附属医院妇产科建档分娩的16例高龄产妇进行半结构式访谈，并以Colaizzi现象学研究方法进行资料分析。结果 提炼出影响高龄产妇产后抑郁的4个主题：躯体性压力源；负性心理体验；社会支持缺乏，矛盾出现；角色转变对高龄产妇的影响。结论 需重视高龄产妇产后的主观感受，加强产前产后健康宣教，构建以家庭为中心的高龄产妇产后护理模型，减少产后抑郁的发生。     

Importance of serum phosphate in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND Metabolic disturbances including changes in serum calcium,magnesium or phosphate(P) influence the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).We assessed the importance of serum P in elderly patients with type 2 DM vs nondiabetes mellitus(non-DM) in relation to renal function.AIM To determine the association between serum P and serum glucose or insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.METHODS One hundred-ten subjects with a mean age of 69.02±14.3 years were enrolled.Twenty-nine of the participants had type 2 DM(26.4%).The incidence of hypertension,smoking and receiving vitamin D(vitD) derivates were recorded.The participants were classified by both estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) and albuminuria categories according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2012 criteria.RESULTS We divided the patients in two groups according to the P cut-off point related to DM value.A comparison between high and low P showed that body mass index30.2±6.3 vs 28.1±4.6(P=0.04),mean glucose 63.6 vs 50.2(P=0.03),uric acid 6.7±1.6 vs 6.09±1.7(P=0.05),mean intact-parathyroid hormone 68.06 vs 47.4(P=0.001),systolic blood pressure 147.4±16.7 vs 140..2±16.1(P=0.02),mean albuminuria 63.2 vs 50.6(P=0.04) and eGFR 45.6±22.1 vs 55.4±21.5(P=0.02)were significantly different.χ~2 tests showed a significant association between high P and DM,hypertension,receiving vitD,smoking and eGFR stage(χ~2=6.3,P=0.01,χ~2=3.9,P=0.03,χ~2=6.9,P=0.009,χ~2=7.04,P=0.01 and χ~2=7.36,P=0.04,respectively).The adjusted model showed that older age,female gender and increased body mass index were significant predictors of type 2 DM when entering the covariates.CONCLUSION High serum P contributes to vascular and metabolic disturbances in elderly patients with type 2 DM and renal impairment.     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗老年胆囊炎患者的分析

目的观察在治疗老年急性胆囊炎患者采取开腹手术与腹腔镜手术的治疗效果并分析。方法将2017年1月—2018年9月期间医院收治的74例急性胆囊炎患者采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,对照组37例采取开腹手术治疗,观察组37例采取腹腔镜治疗,对比两组治疗效果。结果观察组并发症发生率5.4%、治疗总有效率97.3%优于对照组的24.3%、78.4%,P<0.05。观察组术中出血量(15.7±3.4)mL、手术时间(40.7±4.4)min、住院时间(7.1±1.8)d、术后肠道恢复时间(3.3±1.2)d均低于对照组的(46.4±3.5)mL、(68.6±14.7)min、(12.6±2.3)d、(6.1±1.5)d,P<0.05。观察组躯体疼痛(87.3±0.5)分、总体健康(85.2±1.2)分、精神状况(86.4±1.3)分、社会活动评分(90.2±1.3)分均高于于对照组(78.3±1.2)分、(70.3±10.8)分、(71.3±0.5)分、(75.5±2.1)分,对比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜手术治疗老年急性胆囊炎患者效果良好,可有效减少患者病程,促进康复和提高生活质量,值得推广。     

同型半胱氨酸与绝经后女性颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 研究同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)是否为绝经后女性颈动脉粥样硬化的独立风险因素。 方法 对2017年12月—2018年12月北京协和医院健康体检的1 204名55岁以上绝经后女性,进行Hcy检测和颈动脉超声检查。使用多变量logistic回归方法分析Hcy及其他传统风险因素对颈动脉粥样硬化的影响。 结果 Hcy平均值(12.4±3.3)μmol/L,高Hcy血症176人(14.62%)。Hcy与年龄和BMI正相关(分别r=0.19,P<0.001;r=0.11, P<0.001)。颈动脉粥样硬化患者的Hcy显著升高(Z=-2.56,P=0.011)。logistic回归显示,对于颈动脉粥样硬化只有年龄(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.09~1.14)和收缩压(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.01~1.02)是独立风险因素;对颈动脉斑块形成年龄(OR=1.10,95%CI:1.08~1.12)、收缩压(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.01~1.03)、糖化血红蛋白(OR=1.27,95%CI:1.07~1.50)和高血压病史(OR=1.40,95%CI:1.06~1.87)是独立危险因素。 结论 在绝经后女性,Hcy不是动脉粥样硬化发生的独立风险因素,筛查高Hcy血症在预防该人群颈动脉粥样硬化的意义仍需进一步证明。     

A randomized study on the effect of modified behavioral activation treatment for depressive symptoms in rural left-behind elderly

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a modified behavioral activation treatment (MBAT) intervention on reducing depressive symptoms in rural left-behind elderly.

Method: This is a randomized study registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IOR-17011289). Eighty rural left-behind elderly people who had a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score between 11 and 25 were randomly assigned to the intervention (n?=?40) and control group (n?=?40). The intervention group received both MBAT and regular treatment for 8 weeks while the control group received regular treatment. Both groups were assessed with the GDS, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at 3 months post-intervention.

Results: There were a total of 73 participants that completed the intervention. The scores of GDS and BAI decreased significantly, but the scores of OHQ increased significantly in the intervention group after 8 sessions of MBAT (P?<?.01). The reduction in depression symptoms after the intervention was maintained at the 3-month follow-up. Significant differences in GDS, BAI, and OHQ scores were observed between the intervention group and the control group (P?<?.01).

Conclusion: MBAT produced a significantly greater reduction in depressive symptoms than regular care in rural left-behind elderly.

Clinical or methodological significance of this article: A modified behavioral activation (BA) psychotherapy can significantly reduce the recurrence and seriousness of depression symptoms in the left-behind elderly with mild to moderate depression. This study also suggests that further study of the MBAT as an intervention will provide a direction for the management of mental health in rural left-behind elders.     

TLR9在不同胎龄新生儿脐血中的表达变化

目的 通过观察早产儿不同胎龄Toll样受体9（TLR9）的表达，探讨早产儿免疫功能低下的机制。方法 采集2010年7月至2014年6月在上海市嘉定区妇幼保健院产科出生的活产新生儿的脐血229份，按胎龄分为4组，28~31周组，31~34周组，34~37周组，≥37周组，采用流式细胞术和实时荧光定量PCR方法，分别检测其TLR9的蛋白和mRNA表达情况，了解其与胎龄之间的关系，并分析mRNA和蛋白表达间的相关性。结果 TLR9阳性细胞率在28~31周组，31~34周组，34~37周组，≥37周组分别为（15.93±6.23）%，（11.63±6.70）%，（13.66±6.88）%，（20.51±12.06）%；其在胎龄28~31周较高，至31~34周逐渐下降至最低，两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；34~37周后TLR9阳性细胞率表达逐渐升高，至≥37周达最高，两胎龄组比较，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。31~37周间新生儿脐血TLR9阳性细胞率与胎龄呈正相关（r=0.273，P=0.006）。TLR9 mRNA表达在28~31周组，31~34周组，34~37周组，≥37周组分别为（4.95±3.44）%，（8.89±8.49）%，（13.91±10.92）%，（7.19±7.11）%；其在28~36周逐渐升高，与胎龄呈正相关（r=0.355，P< 0.001）。≥37周TLR9 mRNA表达量下降，该值虽高于28~31周，但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。相关性分析表明，同胎龄时期同样本新生儿的TLR9 mRNA和TLR9阳性细胞率之间存在负相关（r=-0.227，P=0.011）。结论 TLR9阳性细胞率和TLR9 mRNA表达在不同胎龄组新生儿间有差异，TLR9阳性细胞率表达在31~37周间随着胎龄的增加而增加，TLR9 mRNA在28~36周间随着胎龄的增加而增加。