A genetic progression model of oral cancer: current evidence and clinical implications

Based on recent genetic studies, we propose a progression model for the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. In the initial phase, a stem cell acquires a genetic alteration; subsequently a patch is formed, a clonal unit consisting of the stem cell with its daughter cells that all share the DNA alteration. The next critical step is the conversion of a patch into an expanding field as a result of additional genetic alterations. This mucosal field replaces the normal epithelium and in the oral cavity such fields have been detected with dimensions of over 7 cm in diameter. Sometimes these fields are visible as leukoplakia. Ultimately, clonal selection leads to the development of carcinoma within this contiguous field of pre-neoplastic cells. An important clinical implication of this model is that fields often remain after surgery of the primary tumor and may lead to new cancers, presently designated by clinicians as second primary tumors or local recurrences.     

Proliferative activity of colonic mucosa at different distances from primary adenocarcinoma as determined by the presence of statin: A nonproliferation-specific nuclear protein

The field change is one hypothesis concerning the development of colorectal carcinoma. Removal of a carcinoma without its entire surrounding altered mucosa may result in the development of a recurrence. S44, a monoclonal antibody directed against statin, a nuclear protein expressed in nonproliferating cells in either a quiescent or senescent state, was used to determine the rate of cell growth in colorectal mucosa at different distances from carcinomas. The specimens of 18 patients undergoing resection of a colorectal carcinoma were immediately opened after operation, and strips of mucosa were taken at distances of 1 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm from the carcinoma. For each location, 10 longitudinally oriented crypts were evaluated for statin-positive cells identified by the presence of a dark brown peroxidase-conjugated antibody reaction product. The average percentage of statin-positive cells per crypt was significantly lower at a 1-cm distance from the carcinoma compared with the mucosa located 5 and 10 cm from the carcinoma (20.89±4.33 at 1 cm, 32.41±5.27 at 5 cm, and 34.23±6.45 at 10 cm). None of the calculated parameters showed any significant difference between the 5-cm and 10-cm locations. The fact that the proliferation rate of the mucosal cells returns to the normal level at 5 cm from the margin of the carcinoma suggests that cells located within this distance still retain proliferative potential even though they are morphologically indistinguishable from their normal counterparts. We conclude that failure to remove this transitional, potentially proliferative mucosa may result in subsequent development of anastomotic or perianastomotic recurrences.This study was conducted with support from the Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital Foundation and the American Physician Fellowship and with grants to Eugenia Wang from the Medical Research Council of Canada and from the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S.A.     

24例胃大部切除术中损伤邻近器官的原因及对策

目的：分析胃大部切除术中邻近器官损伤的原因,提出防范措施和处理方法。方法：回顾分析24例胃大部切除术中邻近器官损伤的病例。结果：发现损伤的发生与溃疡病变严重、局部变形粘连解剖关系改变以及术操作不够规范、细致有关。结论：应重视胃大部切除术的基本要求和基本操作训练,熟悉解剖,从而避免或减少胃大部切除术中医源性损伤的发生。     

喉癌及癌旁不同距离组织中ras、c-myc、p53蛋白的复合表达

目的 :研究癌基因 (ras,c myc)及抗癌基因 (p5 3)蛋白在喉癌及癌旁不同距离处的复合表达及意义。方法 :应用LSAB微波免疫组织化学法 ,检测了ras、c myc及p5 3在 30例喉癌组织、边缘区、癌旁 0 .5cm ,1.0cm ,1.5cm ,2 .0cm处粘膜组织和 4例正常喉粘膜组织中的复合表达情况。结果 :① 2种以上基因蛋白产物同时表达阳性者在喉癌组织中为 2 8例 (93.3 % ) ,其中ras +c myc +p5 3为 17例 (5 6 .7% ) ,癌旁组织中也存在着不同程度的复合表达 ,而正常喉粘膜组织中无一例复合表达 ;②复合表达阳性率依正常粘膜组织→癌旁 2 .0cm→ 1.5cm→ 1.0cm→0 .5cm→边缘区→癌组织递增 ,且癌旁 1.0cm处与 0 .5cm范围内的表达存在显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;③ 3种癌基因产物的复合表达与喉癌的部位 ,分化程度 ,临床分期无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :喉癌及癌旁组织中存在着 3种癌基因的复合表达 ,其在喉癌的发生中有协同作用 ;距癌 0 .5cm以内的癌旁组织应视为危险性病变。     

介入治疗内脏动脉瘤的远期疗效

目的观察介入治疗内脏动脉瘤(VAA)的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析30例接受介入治疗VAA患者(41个瘤灶),术后随访时间均12个月,观察治疗效果及并发症。结果对12个肾动脉瘤、8个脾动脉瘤行动脉瘤填塞术,其中5个脾动脉瘤、5个肾动脉瘤采用裸支架辅助填塞;对13个脾动脉瘤、1个肝动脉瘤行动脉瘤栓塞术;对4个肾动脉瘤行载瘤动脉支架植入术,其中3个采用多层裸支架植入术、1个采用覆膜支架植入术;对2个肾动脉瘤、1个腹腔干动脉瘤行保守治疗;均获得成功。1个脾动脉瘤栓塞术后出现部分脾梗死,1个左肾多发动脉瘤植入支架后瘤腔小部分显影。术后随访12～55个月,平均(23.44±12.48)个月,期间脾梗死者梗死面积未增大、未见脓肿形成,瘤腔部分显影病变显影面积未增大。30例患者中,1例因心力衰竭死亡,余均存活,无VAA复发及其他并发症。结论介入治疗VAA远期疗效较好,且安全性较高。     

《时病论》与脏腑辨证

简要介绍了清末温病学派医家雷丰的生平、著述及影响。重点论述其代表作《时病论》的辨证方法，总结了《时病论》运用脏腑辨证的规律和特点，进而阐明其在整个中医“辨证”历史上的位置和特色。主要从三个方面阐述《时病论》对“脏腑辨证”的运用，1)在温病领域的运用情况。雷氏治温病虽也采用三焦辨证卫气营血辨证，但所占比例较小，而广泛地使用脏腑辨证，且能明确反映温病的传变及分期特点。2)治泄痢的脏腑辨证特色，3)创新辨证脏腑证型。     

益气活血通腑法对类2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌GLUT4表达的影响

目的：研究益气活血通腑中药(加味桃核承气汤)对类2型糖尿病大鼠的作用及骨骼肌葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)mRNA表达的影响。方法：采用低剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射加高热量饲料喂养导致大鼠类2型糖尿病模型，灌胃给药4周，检测糖耐量、空腹血清胰岛素及骨骼肌GLUT 4mRNA表达量的变化。结果：造模后大鼠注射葡萄糖后30、60、120min血糖显著升高，血清空腹胰岛素水平无明显变化，骨骼肌GLUT4 mRNA表达量显著降低。给药4周后，各药对空腹血清胰岛素水平和注糖后30、60min血糖无明显影响，但中药低剂量、二甲双胍、罗格列酮可使注糖后120min血糖下降；罗格列酮尚可降低空腹血糖。二甲双胍可使骨骼肌GLUT4mRNA表达量明显升高，中药高剂量可防止GLUT 4mRNA表达量的降低，但罗格列酮对GLUT4 mRNA表达量的降低无影响。结论：低剂量STZ腹腔注射加高热量饲料喂养可导致大鼠类2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗样改变，益气活血通腑中药可改善此模型的糖耐量异常，其作用与增强其骨骼肌GLUT4基因表达，促进骨骼肌对葡萄糖的摄取和利用有关。     

关于中医学脏腑实质的思考

中西医研究的是同一个对象——人体及其脏腑组织器官 ,中医学的五脏六腑就是西医学的同名内脏器官 ,功能上有差异 ,只能说明认识主体认知能力的差异 ,认识接近真理程度的差异 ,而不能由此说明认识客体的差异。承认中医学的五脏六腑就是西医学的同名内脏器官 ,是中医发展的开始 ,是中医向自然科学开放的开始。     

《素问玄机原病式》与脏腑辨证

素问玄机原病式》是刘完素的代表作，是一部着重探讨病证病机的临床理论著作，其对病机的论述始终未离五脏六腑，是全面而深入的脏腑病机论。从比物立象归类脏腑病证、亢害承制论述脏腑病机、六气病因到六气病机的转化三方面加以论述。     

参附注射液对失血性休克兔腹腔脏器再灌注损伤的保护效应

目的观察参附注射液对控制性失血性休克兔肝、小肠、胰腺再灌注损伤的保护效应。方法 18只健康家兔随机分为假手术组,对照组和治疗组,(每组6只)。采用 Lamson 休克模型,维持平均动脉压(MAP)在40mmHg 90min,再灌注90min 后检测肝、小肠、胰腺组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)及细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)水平。观察对照组和治疗组的小肠末段组织超微结构。结果再灌注90min 后治疗组兔肝、小肠、胰腺 MDA、TNFα及 ICAM-I 水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);SOD 水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论参附注射液可在一定程度上减少兔失血性休克后腹腔脏器再灌注损伤的脂质过氧化反应和炎性反应。