Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Ziziphus Mauritiana Lam. Leaf Extracts Against Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat Liver

Chronic alcohol ingestion is known to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby leading to liver damage. Antioxidant enzymes act individually or in combination to reduce or counter the effect of these ROS. Chronic administration of alcohol at (40% v/v, 1ml/100g), for 6 weeks showed a significant (p<0.05) elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB). There was also a significant (p<0.05) decreased levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase compared to control rats. Pre-treatment of rats with 200, 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana or 100 mg/kg silymarin resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decreased levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and TB with levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase showing a significant (p<0.05) increase compared to group administered alcohol only. Histopathology of rat liver administered with alcohol only resulted in severe necrosis, mononuclear cell aggregation and fatty degeneration in the central and mid zonal areas which was a characteristic of a damaged liver. Pre-treatment with the aqueous extract of Ziziphus mauritiana or silymarin reduced the morphological changes that are associated with chronic alcohol administration. The presence of tannins, saponins and phenolic compounds observed in the plant extract could be responsible for the observed effects of decreasing the levels of injured tissue marker and lipid peroxidation.     

加味酸枣仁胶囊的研制

目的:优选加味酸枣仁胶囊的制备工艺.方法:以酸枣仁皂苷A含量为指标,考察提取溶媒、加溶媒量、提取时间三因素对提取效果的影响;采用固定圆锥底法考察粉体的流动性;选择测定酸枣仁皂苷A的含量作为控制本品的质量标准.结果:酸枣仁最佳提取工艺即用70%乙醇提取2次,第1次2 h,第2次1 h,用乙醇量均为8倍药材量;粉末水分控制在3.01%流动性好,休止角平均值为28.2°;该胶囊含酸枣仁皂苷A不得低于11.00mg/粒.结论:上述实验结果可为加味酸枣仁胶囊的制备提供实验依据.     

Physico-chemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of A pis dorsata,A pis mellifera and Z iziphus jujube honey samples from Pakistan

ObjectiveTo evaluate physico-chemical properties and antimicrobial potential of indigenous honey samples against different reference strains including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13883, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Rhizopus oligosporus PCSIR1, Candida albicans ATCC 14053 and Candida utilis ATCC 9950.MethodsBy using standard methods samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties including additive effect of starch and non-peroxidase activity, antioxidative properties (phenol contents, flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity). Prior to this evaluation, complete physico-chemical properties including pH, color, ash contents, protein contents, moisture contents, hydroxymethyl furfural contents, total sugar contents, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar contents were analyzed.ResultsRelatively higher ash contents were found in the Siddar honey i.e. (0.590 0±0.033 6)% and small honey showed relatively higher protein contents i.e. (777.598±9.880) mg/kg. The moisture contents of tested honey samples ranged between 13.8%-16.6%, total sugar contents from 61.672%-72.420% and non-reducing sugar contents from 1.95%-3.93%. Presences of phenolic contents indicate higher antioxidant potential of these honey samples. All bacteria showed clear inhibition zones in response to tested honey samples whereas fungi and yeast showed inhibition at higher concentrations of these honey samples. For Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Aspergillus niger, overall the small honey showed the higher activity than other honey samples.ConclusionPhysico-chemical analysis of honey samples confirmed good quality of honey according to the standards set by European Union Commission and Codex Alimentarius Commission. Evaluation of these honey samples confirms antimicrobial potential of particular types of honeys indigenous to Pakistan.     

生草和树枝覆盖对果园土壤持水性能的影响--测试文章

针对黄土高原枣园普遍盛行传统清耕制,将生草及覆盖技术引入枣园生产中,于2011—2013年采用人工土槽模拟研究方法,探讨不同生草和覆盖措施对枣树地土壤持水性能的影响。结果表明：生草与枣树枝覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤孔隙度、降低土壤容重;各处理土壤水分蓄持能力及比水容量均按枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草、枣树枝全覆盖、白三叶生草覆盖和清耕处理依次递减,处理间的差异在高吸力阶段更为明显;与清耕处理相比,生草与覆盖处理土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数均有提高,枣树枝半覆盖+白三叶生草处理增加最为明显,分别增加9%、20%、33%。     

A panoramic view on phytochemical,nutritional, and therapeutic attributes of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.: A comprehensive review

Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), commonly known as Indian jujube, is a pharmacologically diverse medicinal plant. A plethora of active phytochemical constituents of this plant has been revealed so far, namely, berberine, quercetin, kaempferol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol, diosgenin, and so forth. Several studies demonstrated the exploration of pharmacological potential of various parts such as fruits, leaves, and stems of the plant as antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti‐diarrhoeal, antidepressant, immunomodulator, and hepatoprotective. This review gives a unique summary including phytochemistry, nutritional value, and significant pharmacological importance of Z. mauritiana. The literature search was carried out via search engine PubMed, Science Direct, and so on. The data were heterogeneous in terms of leaves, stem, roots, and fruits which were used for different experimental findings, which made the comparison a lengthy task. Study findings suggested that the extracts from this plant may possess numerous types of pharmacological activities. As the search for novel drugs from botanical sources continues, there is need for future investigations to isolate and characterize pharmacologically active agents that confer medicinal properties on Z. mauritiana, as well as to elucidate the structures of these agents by which they exert their healing properties and to scientifically validate the existing traditional practices concerning its health benefits.     

滴灌条件下枣树耗水规律的研究

试验通过研究枣树的茎流来预测其耗水量,为合理灌溉提供科学依据。利用植物茎流计在滴灌条件下测定枣树的茎流变化,结果表明2010年5月15日的最大值出现在中午12∶00,达到1 834.28 g·h^-1,6月26日的最大茎流速率在13∶00,达到4 861.89 g·h^-1,7月20日最大值出现在15∶00,达到6 385.88 g·h^-1,8月10日最大茎流出现在16∶00,达到5 816.86 g·h^-1;最小茎流都是出现在凌晨4∶00～8∶00。5月份的日平均累计流量比较小,枣树在这个月的日平均耗水量反而最小,到了7、8月份,随着温度的升高和雨季的结束,枣树耗水量明显增加,8月的日平均耗水累计量最高;通过相关分析,地表最高温度和最高气温对枣树的茎流量影响较大。研究得出：土壤含水量是影响茎流的变化主要因素,其它环境因子对茎流的影响也很重要。     

五种养心安神中药的抗惊厥作用初探

目的：研究远志、酸枣仁、合欢皮、柏子仁和罗布麻叶等五种养心安神药的抗惊厥活性。方法：采用95％乙醇分别对远志、酸枣仁、合欢皮、柏子仁和罗布麻叶进行提取，制备其醇提物；然后采用戊四唑（PTZ）致小鼠惊厥模型对所得5种醇提物的抗惊厥活性进行考察。结果：远志醇提物8g/kg能降低小鼠惊厥发生率，并显著延长小鼠发生惊厥的潜伏期和死亡时间，降低死亡率；酸枣仁醇提物和合欢皮醇提物在8g/kg时都明显延长惊厥小鼠的死亡时间，同时降低小鼠死亡率；柏子仁醇提物和罗布麻叶醇提物对P1Z致小鼠惊厥无影响。结论：远志醇提物、酸枣仁醇提物和合欢皮醇提物均有抗惊厥作用．其中远志醇提物作用最强：柏子仁醇提物和罗布麻叶醇提物无抗惊厥作用。     

ICU中应用葶苈大枣泻肺汤治疗危重症

葶苈大枣泻肺汤由葶苈子、大枣组成,出自张仲景《金匮要略》,功效泻肺行水、下气平喘,为泻肺的峻剂。作者尝试在ICU中治疗胸腔积液、肺水肿、脑水肿等危重病患者,均取得了良好的疗效。葶苈大枣泻肺汤在ICU中有广泛的应用前景,尤其对肺水肿及胸腔积液等病症有特殊疗效,且使用安全。     

不同枣类商品中芦丁成分的含量研究

目的应用高效液相色谱法测定了7种枣类商品中芦丁的含量,对收集到的7种商品枣中的芦丁含量进行比较。方法采用MN NUCLEODUR C18柱(200×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.05%磷酸(15∶85)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长257nm,柱温40℃,用外标法定量。结果芦丁的线性范围为0.0505～0.4044μg,相关系数r=0.9987,平均加样回收率96.2%,RSD=1.6%(n=6),结论该方法能较好去除枣类商品中糖类成分的干扰,方法准确,重现性好,商品枣中以肉质厚、饱满的芦丁含量高。     

A Study on Hypotensive Action of Total Saponin of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill and Its Mechanism

Total saponin of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill seeds(ZS) produced amarked hvpotensive effect in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats(I. V. or I. P. )and cats (I. V. ). ZS showed no effect on the pressor effect of nor-adrenalinein rats. the depressor effect of ZS was not influenced by atropine nor bydiphenhydramine. ZS markedly inhibited the pressor reflex in catsinduced by ocelusion of the common carotid artery. In rats, ZS inhibitedthe spontaneous discharges of the preganglionic fibers of the greatersplanchnic nerve and decreased the plasma renin activity. These resultsshowed that the hypotensive action of ZS was probably central in origin.