The spiny dogfish (Squalus cubensis/megalops group): the envenoming of a fisherman, with taxonomic and toxinological comments on the Squalus genus.

The authors report a spiny dogfish (Squalus cubensis/megalops group) sting of a professional fisherman. He was injured on the left hand by the spine anterior to the fish's dorsal fin and manifested local edema, erythema, and excruciating pain for 6 h. Sharks of the genus Squalus megalops/cubensis and Squalus acanthias are found throughout the world; they have two spines in front of their dorsal fins and channels with a whitish mass containing large vacuolated cells which secrete venom. The Squalus genus has a complex taxonomy; the species involved in this injury belongs to the megalops/cubensis group. A detailed taxonomic and toxinological study on the Squalus genus is important and would complement other work on these fish, especially as stings in humans are very rare and not fully understood.     

循环毒毒蛇咬伤患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子的表达及意义

目的分析外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子在循环毒毒蛇咬患者中的表达,探讨其在病情评估中的意义。方法收集2016年3月至2017年10月循环毒毒蛇咬伤患者108例,根据国际蛇伤诊断标准分为轻度蛇咬伤组82例与重度蛇咬伤组26例,另外选择同期体检健康者30例为对照组。通过流式细胞术检测并比较分析各组患者T淋巴细胞亚群的分布情况及外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子的表达。结果与对照组比较,重度蛇咬伤组CD3^+、CD4^+T淋巴细胞水平偏低(P<0.01);细胞因子IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α表达水平升高(P<0.05)。蛇咬伤组两两比较,重度蛇咬伤组CD3^+、CD4^+T淋巴细胞水平低于轻度蛇咬伤组(P<0.05),IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平均高于轻度蛇咬伤组(P<0.05)。结论循环毒毒蛇咬伤患者中存在有明显的T淋巴细胞数量的改变和Th1/Th2细胞因子表达紊乱,且与病情严重程度相关。     

血浆置换救治儿童急性毒蕈中毒

目的探讨毒蕈中毒患儿进行血浆置换的效果。方法4例患儿（男3例,女1例）,年龄分别为2、6、6、8岁,食用野生蘑菇0．5—1h后出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等急性胃肠道症状。经常规治疗症状无明显缓解,且出现肝及心肌损害。（发病后2-3d）给予血浆置换及对症、支持治疗。密切观察病情。结果入住儿童重症监护中心2周后患儿病情均好转出院。结论及时进行血浆置换能提高毒蕈中毒的救治率。     

被毒蛇咬伤患者血浆D-二聚体和常规凝血指标的变化及意义

目的探讨被不同毒性毒蛇咬伤后患者血浆D-二聚体(D-D)和常规凝血指标的变化及临床意义。方法58例被毒蛇咬伤患者(其中血循毒35例,非血循毒23例),在被毒蛇咬伤后就诊未治疗前,采集血标本检测D-D和血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)含量及血小板计数(PLT)等,并与30例正常对照比较分析。结果血循毒组及非血循毒组D-D、PT、APTT明显高于对照组,其中血循毒组明显高于非血循毒组;PLT明显低于对照组,其中血循毒组明显低于非血循毒组;FIB血循毒组明显低于对照组,而非血循毒组明显高于对照组。血循毒组D-D含量与PT、APTT、FIB和PLT的异常变化具有一定的相关性;非血循毒患者血浆D-D含量变化与上述凝血指标的变化均无相关性。结论被血循毒毒蛇咬伤后易导致弥散性血管内凝血(DIC),检测患者D-D及常规凝血指标,可了解患者的凝血状况,防止DIC的进一步发生具有很好的临床意义。     

Frequency and gravity of human envenomations caused by marine catfish (suborder siluroidei): a clinical and epidemiological study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Catfish occur in marine and freshwater environments worldwide. They have three serrated venomous bony stings in the dorsal and pectoral fins that are used for defence against predators and are refilled by glandular tissues under the epithelium. However, some catfishes do not have poisonous glands next to the sting and cause traumatic wounds without poisoning. The objective of this study was to provide data for, and comment on, the epidemiological and clinical problems caused by marine catfish. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors have observed, followed and documented 127 injuries caused by marine catfish stings during different phases of the envenoming over a time period of 8 years at three points along the Western Atlantic Ocean coast. RESULTS: The patients presented intense pain during the acute phase of envenoming and complications, such as bacterial and fungi infections and retention of bony fragments, in the later phase. Immersion of the affected extremity in hot water was used in about 20% of cases with excellent results. DISCUSSION: Injuries caused by marine catfish are common (about 20% of injuries caused by marine animals in a series of more than 700 injuries recorded by the author) and cause intense pain and later complications. Immersion of the affected extremity in hot water results in improvement in the acute phase, but does not prevent the appearance of secondary infection or foreign body reactions.     

刺血拔罐联合蛇伤冲剂治疗蝮蛇咬伤临床观察

目的 观察刺血拔罐联合蛇伤冲剂治疗蛇咬伤患者的临床疗效。方法 采用随机数字表法将60例蛇咬伤患者分为对照组和观察组各30例,对照组给予西医基础治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用刺血拔罐和内服蛇伤冲剂,评估患肢肿胀、疼痛消失时间并检测治疗前后血清超敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）水平。结果 观察组患者治疗后肿胀、疼痛症状的改善程度优于对照组（P<0.05）;与治疗前比较,两组治疗后hs-CRP、IL-6均显著降低（P<0.05）。两组治疗后hs-CRP降低值比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,观察组IL-6降低值显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 刺血拔罐联合蛇伤冲剂内服可以改善蛇咬伤后肿胀、疼痛的症状,降低血清hs-CRP、IL-6水平。     

717 解毒合剂联合西药对蝮蛇咬伤患者血清LDH、CK、CK-MB

【摘要】 目的 观察717解毒合剂联合西药治疗对蝮蛇咬伤患者血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶(CK)及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的影响。方法 将2016年5月—2016年10月江西中医药大学附属医院中医外科收治的60例蝮蛇咬伤患者随机分为治疗组（30例）与对照组（30例）,其中对照组患者予以常规西药治疗,治疗组患者在对照组治疗的基础上加服717解毒合剂,对比观察两组患者的临床疗效及治疗前后患者血清LDH、CK及CK-MB的含量变化。结果 治疗组患者总有效率为93.33%,明显优于对照组的70%,P＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义;治疗7 d后,两组患者血清LDH、CK及CK-MB含量较治疗前均显著下降,且治疗组下降更为明显,P＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论 717解毒合剂与抗蝮蛇毒血清联合治疗蝮蛇咬伤,既能快速中和患者血清内的游离毒素,又能有效降低结合毒素对患者心肌细胞及骨骼肌细胞等的损害,从而显著降低患者血清LDH、CK及CK-MB含量,提高蝮蛇咬伤患者的治愈率,值得临床推广应用。     

毒蛇咬伤治疗前后肾功能变化规律的探讨

目的：探讨各种毒蛇咬伤患者治疗前后肾功能的变化情况。方法选择近两年住院治疗、属于何种蛇伤诊断明确的毒蛇咬伤患者作为研究对象,这些患者在治疗前后各时段均进行5项肾功能指标检测,按蛇种、时段及病情对检测结果作出统计分析。结果与治疗前比较,各种毒蛇咬伤在治疗后1d除个别指标外其检测均值都有不同程度地升高趋势、特别是治疗后2d升高更明显,有些指标的升高具有显著性差异（ P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。与治疗后2 d比较,治疗后4 d各项指标均有不同程度下降。治疗前后各时段除尿酸外,其它指标均值基本上是蝰蛇咬伤显著高于银环蛇咬伤、竹叶青蛇咬伤、眼镜蛇咬伤和眼镜王蛇咬伤（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论5种毒蛇咬伤均可能导致肾功能损害,其损害程度以眼镜王蛇咬伤最轻,蝰蛇咬伤最重。     

小儿毒蛇咬伤49例

目的总结小儿毒蛇咬伤的综合防治措施。方法对1997年1月-2006年12月收治49例毒蛇咬伤患儿，记录性别、年龄、居住地、受伤及就诊时间、受伤部位、受伤后的局部症状及全身情况、治疗过程及预后，并进行综合分析。结果小儿蛇咬伤病例集中于夏秋湿热季节，乡村小儿发生率多见（占81．6％），从发生至来院时间平均38．4h，93．9％未看见毒蛇或不能描述毒蛇的特征。按照Downey系统分类，3、4级重型伤员所占比重较大（占59．2％）。蛇咬伤局部可出现肿胀、疼痛、瘀斑、伤口感染、局部坏死伴组织缺失、骨筋膜室综合征等表现，亦可导致器官功能损害等并发症；均行针对性的综合治疗，无死亡病例。结论加强预防知识教育、早期诊断和综合对症处理可有效降低小儿蛇伤后病死率和病残率。