水前房角镜学的使命

水前房角镜学是新建的眼科学的一个分野,为眼科疾患病人服务是她的使命。水前房角镜学的最大优点是其含金量能百分之百地转化为读者的受益。     

‘Elastic length’ of the female urethra—initial measurements

An elasticity parameter known as the elastic length of the urethra was derived from a theory of flow presented in a previous article. The suggestion was made that a consideration of this parameter could be relevant to an understanding of the flow of urine through the urethra. The present short paper presents an account of initial measurements of the elastic length for two females. It seems likely that we cannot neglect the elastic length when considering flow through the urethra.     

Spread of epidural analgesia following a constant pressure injection

(1) The spread of epidural analgesia following injection of 15ml of 2% mepivacaine was 17.3 ± 0.6, 14.3 ± 0.4, and 13.3 ± 0.7 spinal segments in cervical, thoracic, and lumbar epidural analgesia, respectively. The patients age showed significant correlation with the spread of epidural analgesia in cervical (r = 0.5776, p < 0.001), thoracic (r = 0.3758, p < 0.01), and lumbar area (r = 0.8195, p < 0.001). The spread of cervical epidural analgesia was more caudad than cephalad (p < 0.05), but in lumbar epidural analgesia it was more cephalad than caudad (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the cephalad and caudad spread in thoracic epidural analgesia.(2) The epidural pressure immediately after injection of 15ml of 2% mepivacaine into the lumbar epidural space at a constant pressure (80mmHg) correlated to the patients age (r = –0.5714, p < 0.001) and the spread of analgesia (r = –0.3904, p < 0.05). The lower epidural pressure associated with higher age, the wider spread of analgesia. There was no significant correlation between the residual pressure at 60 seconds and the age or the spread of analgesia.(Hirabayashi Y et al.: Spread of epidural analgesia following a constant pressure injection: an investigation of relationships between locus of injection, epidural pressure and spread of analgesia. J Anesth 1: 44–50, 1987)     

Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia

The relationships between the epidural pressures following the injection of local anesthetic solution and the spread of epidural analgesia were investigated. In 46 patients, 15ml of 2% mepivacaine was injected into the lumbar epidural space at a constant rate (1ml/sec) using an electropowered syringe pump. Injection pressures and residual pressures were recorded and the spread of analgesia to pinprick was assessed. The changes of the epidural pressures during and following the injection of a volume of local anesthetic solution in old subjects were significantly smaller than those in young subjects (P < 0.05). The spread of analgesia closely correlated with the epidural pressures during and following the injection of local anesthetic solution. The most close correlation was found between the epidural pressure immediately after the completion of injection and the spread of analgesia (r = –0.5659, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the lower the terminal injection pressure and the residual pressures associated with higher age, the wider the spread of epidural analgesia.(Hirabayashi Y, Matsuda I, Inoue S et al.: Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia. J Anesth 1: 168–172, 1987)     

Electrophysiological effects of electrode pull-back in cochlear implant surgery

Conclusion. The surgical technique of electrode pull-back had a significant improving effect on the spread of excitation (SOE). However, the long-term clinical and audiological outcome of this modified surgical technique should be a subject of further studies. Objective. To observe the intraoperative electrophysiological effects of a surgical electrode insertion technique (i.e. pull-back) in cochlear implantation. Patients and methods. The influence of the pull-back technique on intraoperatively recorded electrophysiological parameters (including T-NRT, ECAP amplitude, SOE) was investigated in a prospective, non-randomized, intraoperative study. In addition, we observed the correlation of insertion depth and SOE differences after a controlled electrode pull-back. We implanted 13 patients (aged 18–76 years) with a Nucleus 24CI RE cochlear implant with a perimodiolar electrode. Results. After a controlled pull-back, a significant decrease of the SOE at different electrodes (upon recording from electrodes 5, 10, 15) was observed. Electrode 10 was the SOE area with the most significant and homogeneous changes after pull-back. The change in the ECAP amplitudes was highly variable in correlation with the changes in the SOE.     

Significance of the Extracapsular Spread of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Objectives

The extracapsular spread (ECS) of metastatic lymph nodes is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, and is regarded as a major risk factor for local recurrence in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, the significance of ECS of metastatic lymph nodes has not been well established in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to examine this question.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 335 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection from April 2001 to December 2009. We analyzed various clinical characteristics, pathologic factors, and the size, number, and ECS of foci in metastatic lymph nodes.

Results

On pathologic review, 201 of the patients (56.6%) had lymph node metastasis. This was significantly related to age and tumor size. ECS was noted in 64 of these 201 patients (31.8%), and was significantly related to male gender, tumor size, presence of extrathyroidal extension, metastatic lymph node size, and focus size. Recurrence occurred in 13 patients (3.9%), and the presence of ECS was significantly related to recurrence.

Conclusion

ECS of metastatic lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor for loco-regional recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma.     

复方利多卡因乳膏用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术麻醉预防心血管应激反应研究

目的观察复方利多卡因乳膏用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术全麻插管患者,旨在评价对抑制气管导管刺激引起的心血管应激反应的效果。方法选择40例急、慢诊脑动脉瘤夹闭术患者,ASA为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,拟施全麻气管插管行动脉瘤夹闭术,并随机分为两组,每组20例。对照组(I组),不使用复方利多卡因乳膏涂抹气管导管,实验组(II组),将复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂抹气管导管套囊及前端,麻醉诱导后行气管内插管。分别记录患者在麻醉前、插管前、插管时、变动体位、抬头消毒和拔管时平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)。结果插管时与插管前,I组患者明显出现一过性MAP升高和HR增快。而II组插管刺激反应弱于I组。组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在变动体位和抬头消毒时与插管前I组仍出现MAP升高和HR增快现象。而II组却无明显变化,组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在拔管时与插管前,I组患者明显出现MAP升高和HR增快现象,而II组却弱于I组,组间与同时刻比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论将复方利多卡因乳膏均匀涂抹气管导管用于脑动脉瘤夹闭术全麻插管患者,可以有效抑制气管导管刺激引起的心血管应激反应。     

五运六气理论在日本的流传与影响初探

随着中日交流的日益频繁,中医五运六气理论传至日本,并对日本医学产生一定的影响.从丹波元胤<中国医籍考>运气卷看,五运六气的内容在中国传日医学文献中占重要地位.日本学者编撰五运六气入门类著作倾向于五运六气对临证用方技巧的提高.     

Long-term survivors after resection of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas: significance of histologically curative resection

Background/Purpose The prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer is said to have not been improved markedly by any procedures in the past 20 years. Since 1973, we have gradually extended the area of dissection when performing curative resection for pancreatic cancer to improve the resection rate and prognosis. Nineteen patients have survived for 3 years or more, and the 5-year survival rates of patients with cancer of the head of the pancreas were 23.9% for macroscopically curative resection and 34.3% for histologically curative resection.Methods We histologically observed surgical specimens, cut into 3- to 5-mm sections and compared the histologic characteristics of the 19 patients who survived for 3 years or more with those of 41 patients who died of cancer within 3 years (excluding 6 operative and hospital deaths), in order to find the conditions required for long-term survival.Results The following conditions were associated with long-term survival: (1) tumor diameter 3cm or less; (2) either absence of lymph node metastasis or metastasis limited to the n₁ group; (3) degree of invasion of the anterior pancreatic capsule of zero (s0); and (4) either no retropancreatic invasion (rp0) or exposed retropancreatic invasion (rpe) with no cancer invasion of dissected peripancreatic tissue ew(–).Conclusions At present, because the rpe rate is more than 70%, resection of the pancreas, including the superior mesenteric vein and the retropancreatic fusion fascia, is essential for a curative resection, because the retropancreatic tissue between the back of the pancreas and this fascia is anatomically considered to be in the position of the subserosal tissue in the gallbladder or stomach. Combined resection of the superior mesenteric artery may further improve the results of resection for pancreatic cancer, from the anatomical viewpoint.