Quantitative structure-activity relationships in MAO-inhibitory 2-phenylcyclopropylamines: Insights into the topography of MAO-A and MAO-B

Ten (E)-and (Z)-isomers of 2-phenylcyclopropylamine (PCA), 1-Me-PCA, 2-Me-PCA, N-Me-PCA, and N, N-diMe-PCA and fifteeno ⁻, m⁻, p⁻ isomers of (E)-PCA with substituents of Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH were synthesized in this laboratory and tested for the inhibition of rat brain mitochondrial MAO-A and MAO-B. The effects of substituents, their positions, and stereochemistry on the inhibition were assessed for the compounds with substituents at cyclopropyl and amino groups and QSAR analyses were performed using the potency data of ring-substituted compounds. The best correlated QSAR equations are as follows: pI₅₀=0.804 Π² Blo−1.069 Blm+0.334 Lp−1.709 HDp+7.897 (r=0.945, s=0.211, F=16.691, p=0.000) for the inhibition of MAO-A; pI₅₀=1.815 π-0.825 Π² R+0.900 Es²+0.869 Es³+0.796 Es⁴−0.992 HDp+0.562 HAo+3.893 (r=0.982, s=0.178, F=23.351, p=0.000) for the inhibition of MAO-B. Based on the potency difference between stereoisomers of cyclopropylamine-modified compounds and on QSAR results, it is proposed that the active sites of MAO-A are composed of one deep hydrophobic cavity near para position, two hydrophobic cavities interacting with Me group, a hydrophobic area accomodating phenyl and cyclopropyl backbone, steric boundaries, a hydrogen-acceptor site near para position, and an amino group binding site and that in addition to the same two hydrophobic cavities, hydrophobic area, steric boundaries, hydrogen-acceptor site, and amino group binding site, another steric boundary near para position and a hydrogen donating site near ortho position constitute active sites of MAO-B.     

Membrane-coated fiber array approach for predicting skin permeability of chemical mixtures from different vehicles.

A membrane-coated fiber (MCF) array approach was developed for quantitative assessment of skin absorption from chemical mixtures, which was based on the similarity in the absorption mechanisms of the MCF membrane and the stratum corneum of the skin. A set of probe compounds were used to detect the relative molecular interaction strengths of chemicals with the vehicle and the membranes, which provided a linkage between the skin permeability (log k) and MCF partition coefficients (log KF). A predictive model was established via multiple linear regression analysis of the data matrix of experimentally measured log k value and log KFm values; log k=a0+a1 log KF1+a2 log KF2+...+an log KFm, where m is the number of diverse MCFs. Twenty-five probe compounds and three MCFs (polydimethylsiloxane for lipophilic, polyacrylate for polarizable, and CarboWax for polar interactions) were used to demonstrate the model development processes in the MCF array approach. The skin permeability of the probe compounds was measured with conventional diffusion cell experiments using dermatomed porcine skin. Three predictive models were established for skin permeability prediction from chemical mixtures in water, 50% ethanol, and 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) with R2 values of 93, 91, and 83, respectively. The log k and log KF values were considerably altered by the addition of ethanol or SLS into the dose vehicle; however, their correlations to skin permeability remained strong under various conditions. These results suggested that the experimentally based MCF array approach can be used to predict skin absorption from chemical mixtures in different vehicles or formulations.     

1－取代－7－〔3－（乙胺基甲基）－1－吡咯烷基〕－6，8－二氟－1，4－二氢－4－氧喹啉－3－羧酸N_1位定量构效关系的量子化学研究

本文利用ＣＮＤＯ／２研究了１－取代－７－〔（３－（乙胺基甲基）－１－吡咯烷基〕－６，８－二氟－１，４－二氢－４－氧喹啉－３－羧酸Ｎ１位不同取代基的药效构象，首次报道了以第四最低空轨道能（ＦＵＭＯ），超离域度、前沿电子密度等指标与Ｎ１位取代基的立体摩尔长度、最小最大宽度等结合的Ｎ１位定量构效关系，稍优于文献用经验参数ＵＮＳＡＴ的结果，研究表明Ｎ１位的活性不仅与立体摩尔长度有关，还与电性效应有关，支持了Ｄｏｍａｇａｌａ以不饱和度参数（ＵＮＳＡＴ）所得的结论，但ＵＮＳＡＴ的意义不十分明确，本研究的量化指标意义很清楚。     

Contraluminal transport of organic cations in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney

In order to study the quantitative structure/activity relationship of organic cation transport across the contraluminal side of the proximal renal tubule cell, the stopped-flow capillary microperfusion method was applied and the inhibitory potency (apparent K _i values) of different homologous series of substrates against N ¹-[³H]methylnicotinamide (NMeN⁺) transport was evaluated. Aniline and its ring- or N-substituted analogues as well as the aminonaphthalines do not interact with the contraluminal NMeN⁺ transporter except for the quaternary trimethylphenylammonium and pararosaniline, which bear a permanent positive charge, and for 1,8-bis-(dimethylamino)naphthaline, which forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond. If, however, one or more than one methylene group is interposed between the benzene ring and the amino group, the compounds interact with the contraluminal NMeN⁺ transporter in proportion to their hydrophobicity parameter, i.e. the octanol/water partition coefficient (log octanol). The catecholamines and other hydroxyl-substituted phenylethyl analogues also follow this rule. In addition, the N-heterocyclic pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and acridine analogues also interact with the contraluminal NMeN⁺ transporter, when their pK _a values are higher than 5.0, and, an inverse correlation between pK _a and log K _{i, NMeN} was observed. An exception to this rule are those hydroxy compounds of pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline that show tautomerism. These compounds slightly inhibit NMeN⁺ transport despite low pK _a values. The quaternary nitrogen compounds of aniline and the N-heterocyclic analogues, as far as tested, all interact with the contraluminal NMeN⁺ transporter in relation to their hydrophobicity. The data indicate that the contraluminal NMeN⁺ transporter interacts with N-compounds according to their hydrophobicity and/or according to their basicity (affinity to protons). The reason for deviation of the aniline analogues and the OH-tautomeric heterocyclic N-compounds from this behaviour is discussed.     

化合物构效关系的模糊极小极大神经网络识别研究

应用模糊极小极大神经网络研究了化合物复杂结构和性能（QSAR）之间的关系，用该法进行几组化合物致癌的识别，结果优于线性回归的方法，对此作出一些分析。     

Correlation between the negative inotropic potency and binding parameters of 1,4-dihydropyridine and phenylalkylamine calcium channel blockers in cat heart

Summary Partially purified plasma membranes were prepared from cat ventricle. The purification factors for the calcium channel ligands (+)-³H-PN 200-110, ³H-nimodipine (1,4-dihydropyridines) and (–)-³-H-desmethoxyverapamil (a phenylalkylamine) were 3.1-, 3.4- and 2.9-fold, respectively, whilst -adrenoceptors labelled with (–)-³H-dihydroalprenolol were purified 3.0-fold.(+)-³H-PN 200-110 bound to 930±140 fmol/mg of membrane protein with a dissociation constant of 70 pmol/l at 25°C. Under the same conditions ³H-nimodipine bound to 490±24 fmol/mg of sites with a K _D of 120 pmol/l. (–)-³-H-desmethoxyverapamil bound to 530±55 fmol/mg of sites with a K _D of 2.47 nmol/l.Twelve 1,4-dihydropyridines were evaluated for binding inhibition constants (K _i) with (+)-³H-PN 200-110 and 13 phenylalkylamines with (–)-³-H-desmethoxyverapamil in radioligand binding assays. Of the twelve 1,4-dihydropyridines evaluated (±)-nitrendipine was the most potent with a K _i-value of 280 pmol/l, nifedipine had a K _i-value of 500 pmol/l and the weakest drug tested, (±)-Bay b4328, had a K _i-value of 14.3 nmol/l. The EC₅₀-values of the same 1,4-dihydropyridines to inhibit the electrically driven cat papillary muscle were 77- to 3,450-fold higher and little correlation existed between K _i and EC₅₀-values.Thirteen phenylakylamines were tested for their potency to inhibit (–)-³-H-desmethoxyverapamil binding. The most potent phenylalkylamine with respect to negative inotropy was (±)-D 595 with an EC₅₀-value of 794 nmol/l, the least potent substance was (±)-Sz 45 with an EC₅₀-value of 39.8 mol/l. The binding inhibition constants for the phenylalkylamines were 13-to 322-fold lower than the values for negative inotropy, but a significant positive correlation between the K _i and EC₅₀-values (n=12, r=0.84) was observed. The absolute differences may reflect the state-dependent binding of phenylalkylamines to the channel.QSAR analysis revealed nearly identical correlations between physicochemical substituent properties on the one hand and binding affinities or functional potency on the other hand. In both cases the electronic properties (F-constant) of ring substituents mainly determine the variance in potency.     

Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study of elastase substrates and inhibitors

One hundred Suc-X-Y-Ala-pNA peptides (SUC: succinyl, pNA: p-nitroanilide, X, Y: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Pro, x-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine) were synthesized and their reaction constants with porcine pancreatic elastase (K_m, K_cat and K_cat/K_m) were determined. These reaction constants were quantitatively analyzed using the Free–Wilson/Fujita–Ban method. The contribution of amino acid side chains to the reaction constants K_m, K_cat and K_cat/K_m), expressed logarithmically, was found to be additive. On the other hand, 19 elastase inhibitors of the general formula CF₃CO-X-Y-Ala-pNA (X,Y: ten amino acids) were synthesized, and their inhibition constants were compared with the Michaelis constant for the corresponding substrates and analyzed using free-energy-related substituent constants. In the analysis of amino acid side chains in the Y position, the K_i value of the inhibitor was generally correlated to the K_m value of the substrate, which corresponded to the inhibitor, thus confirming the validity of the equation This study may serve as a prototypical approach to unraveling structure–activity relationships of peptide substrates and inhibitors of medicinal or agricultural importance.     

The Liposome as a Model Membrane in Correlations of Partitioning with α-Adrenoceptor Agonist Activities

The apparent partition coefficients of a group of imidazoline -adrenoceptor agonists in liposome/buffer systems (K_m) and in the n-octanol/buffer system (P) have been compared in quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) employing biological activities and receptor binding affinities. A parabolic relationship between log K _m and log P was found, and log K _m was greater than log P for all liposome compositions. In liposomes, log K _m decreased in the order, negatively charged > neutral > positively charged. Overall, hyper- and hypotensive activities of these drugs correlated better with log K _m than with log P; however, poor correlations were obtained between partition coefficients and in vitro binding affinities. Linear correlations of log K _m with hypotensive activities were obtained with negatively charged liposomes, whereas correlations with hypertensive activities were obtained using positively charged liposomes. Multiple regressions of biological activities with binding affinities showed positive correlations with hypotensive but not hypertensive activities with or without the inclusion of log K _m or log P. Thus, the liposome represents a more selective model membrane system than a bulk oil phase for predicting the biological activities of imidazoline -adrenoceptor agonists.     

Assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ecotoxicity threshold in marine sediments through in situ input/decay measurements

The ability of decomposers to process variable amounts of xenobiotics in the marine sediment is a useful aggregate indicator of their capacity to prevent their accumulation and eventual ecotoxic effects. Since decomposition processes depend on environmental factors at the sediment which are difficult to mimic in laboratory systems, in situ evaluations in undisturbed sediments are of great interest. A method and its results are presented to evaluate the decomposition rates of PAHs (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) in coastal undisturbed marine sediments at different levels of pollution input. The method is based on the application of pulse chromatography concepts to interpret trap and bed sediment monitoring data obtained at regular time intervals, using models of the water column as an anisotropic carrying medium. The results are for a 14 month data series from moderately polluted sediments near an urban site and at a more distant nearly pristine site on the south Atlantic coast. QSAR (quantitative structure activity relations) indicate that decay rates increase with higher UV absorption and lipidic solubility. At low levels of total PAH input to the sediments (<0.05 g day^–1 g^–1), decomposition mechanisms effectively process these compounds within a few days. At higher input levels (up to 0.12 g day^–1 g^–1), decomposition lags behind the inputs by approximately 25% and PAHs accumulate in the sediment. In situ estimates of the PAH input/decay ratios provide reliable ecosystem indicators of a safe threshold for anthropogenic inputs of PAHs to the marine environment and a basis for receptor-based standards aimed at their regulation.     

C-3取代喹诺酮衍生物抗肿瘤活性的二维定量构效关系

目的 研究3位取代喹诺酮衍生物抗肿瘤活性的定量构效关系。方法 采用Hansch方法经计算机模拟与统计分析，获得定量构效关系方程。结果 3位取代基的生成热、最大负电荷、特殊极性、logP和零阶价分子连接性指数与活性有良好的线性关系，并提出3位取代基的一些设计原则。结论 获得较好的定量构效关系方程，并发现喹诺酮的抗菌与抗肿瘤作用机制存在差异。