Clinical analysis of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Objective To observe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) caused by lupus nephritis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, or primary glomerulonephritis who were treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) and then withdrew PD because of renal recovery. Methods Data of the above patients were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were diagnosed as RPGN and received PD therapy in Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University from February 2009 to August 2018. The patients were divided into early withdrawal group (PD time≤183 days, n=24) and late withdrawal group (PD time＞183 day, n=24). The differences of clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared. The cumulative incidence of adverse events in both groups was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients. Results Forty-eight RPGN patients were included. The median time of maintaining PD was 178(76, 378) days. Compared with the late withdrawal group, the patients in early withdrawal group had lower levels of urine volume, serum albumin and parathyroid hormone, and lower rates of gross hematuria and hypertension at the beginning of PD, and received higher rates of methylprednisolone impulse, combined immunosuppressive agents, and hemodialysis or continuous renal replacement therapy (all P＜0.05). At the time of PD withdrawal, the levels of serum creatinine, serum calcium, serum albumin and parathyroid hormone in the early withdrawal group were significantly lower than those in the late withdrawal group (all P＜0.05). The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that there was no significant difference in the cumulative survival of patients in both groups (log-rank test χ2=3.485, P=0.062). Cox regression analysis revealed serum creatinine≥209 μmol/L at the time of PD withdrawal was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis (HR=5.253，95%CI 1.757-15.702, P=0.003). Conclusions PD can be used for RPGN patients caused by lupus nephritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and primary nephritis. Serum creatinine≥209 μmol/L at the time of PD withdrawal is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis.     

直肠癌切除前后腹腔冲洗液脱落细胞学对比研究

目的研究直肠癌术中腹腔多次冲洗，对于降低患者腹腔内脱落癌细胞阳性率的临床意义。方法对63例直肠癌患者术中腹腔冲洗分6次进行，肿瘤切除前3次，切除后3次；将6次腹腔冲洗液行常规病理学涂片细胞学检查结果进行对比。结果肿瘤切除前，全组患者腹腔冲洗液脱落癌细胞均呈阳性表达。肿瘤切除后第1次腹腔冲洗液脱落癌细胞阳性40例，第2次阳性33例，第3次阳性13例。肿瘤切除后第1次冲洗液的脱落癌细胞阳性结果与切除后第2次冲洗液阳性结果比较，P〉0.05，差异无统计学意义；但第3次冲洗液的脱落癌细胞阳性结果与第2次比较，P〈0.01，差异有统计学意义。结论对直肠癌患者进行术中多次腹腔冲洗可降低腹腔内脱落癌细胞的阳性率。     

MRI evaluation of bulky tumor masses in the mesentery and bladder involvement in peritoneal carcinomatosis

AIM: Peritonectomy procedures with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia are an effective but costly treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). Consequently a proper selection of patients is necessary. We evaluated the benefit of MRI prior to surgery, in the detection of two of the main surgery contraindications: bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants. METHODS: Three experts retrospectively reviewed abdominal and pelvic MRI from 19 cases of surgically proved PC (ovary: 7; colorectal: 7; gastric: 2; pseudomyxoma peritonei: 2; appendix: 1). RESULTS: Mesenteric tumors were always identified as hypersignal masses on axial and coronal fat suppression gadolinium-enhanced T1 images (n=3). Three out of five bladder implants were detected. The two cases of bladder implants that were not detected on MRI were missed because the bladder was not filled. The best sequence for the detection of bladder involvement was axial T2-weighted images with bladder filling. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the preoperative resectability of PC is crucial for patient management. MRI seems to reliably detect bulky mesenteric tumors and bladder implants on condition the bladder is filled and appropriate sequences are used.     

胃癌腹腔冲洗液多巴脱羧酶mRNA的检测

目的：通过检测胃癌腹腔冲洗液中DDCmRNA的表达，探讨多巴胶羟酶（DDC）与胃癌腹膜转移的关系，并为胃癌腹膜转移预测和亚临床转移的筛检提供新的方法．方法：用RNA提取和RT-PCR方法检测92例胃癌腹腔冲洗液中DDCmRNA的表达，同时做腹腔冲洗细胞学（PLC）检查；10例良性疾病的腹腔冲洗液作为阴性对照，结果：92例胃癌腹腔冲洗液中有57例检测到DDCmRNA的表达（62．0％），其表达阳性率与胃癌腹膜转移的PS因素密切相关（P〈0．05）；且胃癌腹腔冲洗液中DDCmRNA的表达水平还与胃癌浸润深度、浆膜类型、PLC检查结果以及是否存在肉眼腹膜转移有关，浸润深度深、浆膜受侵程度重、PLC检查结果阳性及存在肉眼腹膜转移病灶者的DDCmRNA表达相对值明显升高（P〈0．05）；而10例良性疾病腹腔冲洗液均未检测到DDCmRNA的表达．结论：胃癌腹腔液中DDCmRNA的表达与胃癌腹膜转移密切相关，通过RT—PCR来检测DDCmRNA适用于胃癌腹膜转移的预测和亚临床转移的筛检。     

女性腹膜原发癌临床病理分析

目的：分析12例女性腹膜原发癌(FPCP)(10例浆液癌、1例黏液癌、1例子宫内膜样癌)的临床病理及免疫组化特征，以引起临床医师重视。方法：复习我院1992至2002年间12例FPCP患者临床资料及病理切片，收集随访资料，记录大体标本所见，调出全部蜡块重新切片，并行PAS染色及细胞角蛋白(CK)7、CK20、ER、PR、牛血清清蛋白100(S-100)、卵巢癌抗原(CA)125、癌胚抗原(CEA)、CD15免疫组化染色。结果：12例患者年龄在32—67(平均48.75)岁，10／11例患者血CA125明显增高。组化及免疫组化染色示阳性者：PAS为7／11，CK7为10／11，CK20为10／11，CD15为11／11，S-100为8／11，CA125为6／11，CEA为6／11，ER为4／11，PR为2／11。黏液性腹膜癌预后极差，其余类型与卵巢原发性上皮癌相似。结论：女性FPCP被认为起源于中肾旁管(Muller管)，组织学上与同类型的卵巢癌一致，在排除卵巢原发癌的基础上可作出诊断，免疫组化有助于区分女性FPCP、腹膜间皮瘤和卵巢原发癌。本病预后差。     

Composite prostheses for the repair of abdominal wall defects: effect of the structure of the adhesion barrier component

The component of a composite prosthesis, which makes contact with the visceral peritoneum, can be reabsorbable or non-reabsorbable, and laminar or reticular. This study was designed to determine whether the composition of this second, barrier component could improve its behavior at this interface. Abdominal wall defects in rabbits were repaired using a polypropylene prosthesis (PP), or the composites Sepramesh (PP+h) or Vicryl (PP+v). Fourteen days after surgery, the implants were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Prosthetic areas occupied by adhesions (PP: 71.08±5.09, PP+h: 18.55±4.96, P+v: 69.69±16.81%), neoperitoneal thickness (PP: 256.17±21.68, PP+h: 83.11±19.63, PP+v:213.72±35.90 μm) and macrophage counts (PP: 8.73±1.16, PP+h: 27.33±4.13, PP+v: 31.24±3.08%) showed significant differences (P<0.05). The tested biomaterials induced an optimal recipient tissue infiltration. Least adhesion formation was observed on the PP+h implants. This suggests that the second component, although reabsorbable, should be smooth in structure.     

Peritoneal morphology in children treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Fifty peritoneal biopsies (PB) from 35 patients with end-stage renal disease, treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and aged 2 months to 18 years, were examined by light microscopy (n=50) and/or scanning electron microscopy. PB were performed during surgical procedures immediately before the start of, during, or after the cessation of CAPD treatment. PB from 15 children without renal disease undergoing laparatomy were examined similarly. Before the start of CAPD, a scarcity and shortening of the mesothelial microvilli was observed by scanning electron microscopy. During and after CAPD, variable alterations of mesothelium, interstitium and capillaries were found. The mesothelial layer was absent in all 5 PB obtained during episodes of active peritonitis. In patients treated by CAPD for longer than 6 months, mesothelial denudation was observed more frequently (6/11) than in children treated for shorter periods (1/7) (P<0.08). Fibrosis of the peritoneal membrane was present in about 50% of patients during or after the cessation of CAPD without impairment of peritoneal function. No correlation was found between the presence of fibrosis and the frequency of peritonitis or the duration of CAPD treatment.     

Stimulation of phagocytic function in mouse macrophages by neurotensin and neuromedin N

The neuropeptides neurotensin and neuromedin N (from 10⁻¹² M to 10⁻⁹ M) have been showed in this study to stimulate significantly in vitro several steps of the phagocytic process: adherence to substrate, chemotaxis, ingestion of inert particles (latex beads) and production of superoxide anion measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in resting peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice. A dose-response relationship was observed, with a maximal stimulation of the phagocytic process at 10⁻¹¹ M. The two neuropeptides induced no change of intracellular cyclic AMP in murine macrophages. Moreover, adherence and chemotaxis decreased significantly in the presence of EGTA (1 mM), a chelator of extracellular Ca²⁺, or ryanodine (0.5 mM), a blocker of a Ca²⁺-gated channel from the endoplasmic reticulum, in both controls and samples with the addition of neurotensin or neuromedin N. These results suggest that there is no relation between the cAMP messenger system and the phagocytic process stimulation in murine peritoneal macrophages by neurotensin or neuromedin N. In addition, the results observed with EGTA and ryanodine could indicate that these two neuropeptides produce their effects through an increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration.