TBS诊断系统在宫颈病变中的应用研究

目的：对642例查体病人的宫颈涂片进行分析，研究宫颈良性病变和癌前病变及癌变在正常人群中的的发病率。方法：应用TBS系统对兰州市某大型商场30～51岁妇女642例行子宫颈涂片，显微镜下阅片，作出诊断，并对SIL以上的病例行阴道镜下活检术，进行病理检查。结果：正常582例，异常60剜，全部病例中仅1例漏诊。结论：TBS诊断系统与病理和临床诊断趋于一致，具有很高的准确性和适用性。     

Q-tip pap smear: Should it be done routinely in patients who have developmental disabilities?

In some patients with mental retardation, a Q-tip pap smear obtained blindly from the upper vagina may be the only cytologic smear obtainable without subjecting the patient to heavy sedation or to examination under anesthesia. The efficacy of blind Q-tip smears has not been previously determined. Of 31 Q-tip smears obtained from patients with CIN, the Q-tip smear identified the abnormality in 10 (32%) patients. For those patients who will not submit to examination without anesthesia or sedation, routine screening with multiple smears, obtained on an annual basis has the potential to identify many cases of CIN which otherwise would not be identified at all, and in certain patients, this method outweighs the risks of heavy sedation or general anesthesia. Because of the greatly reduced sensitivity of the Q-tip pap, every effort should be made to help the patient and/or her family or guardian to understand the implications and risks of this method. However, if an examination under anesthesia is performed for other indications, a complete gynecologic examination and a direct smear should be obtained at that time.     

Preliminary evaluation of cyto-rich: An improved automated cytology preparation

A new cervical cytology monolayer preparation system called Cyto-Rich was evaluated. Using samples from 557 patients, Cyto-Rich monolayers were compared to matched conventional smears. After conventional smears were prepared and spray fixed, residual exfoliated cells were transferred to preservative fluid. The cell suspensions were gently disaggregated and the epithelial component enriched with gradient centrifugal sedimentation. The batched samples were then placed on the Cyto-Rich work station where slides are automatically prepared and stained. The results demonstrate that Cyto-Rich prepared monolayers are vastly superior to the conventional smears for cell presentation. While the study showed 99% overall concordance, Cyto-Rich improved the detection of low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.     

Cervical cancer screening program of Paraná: cytohistological correlation results after five years

Since its inception in November 1997, the Cervical Cancer Screening Program of Paraná (CCSPP), Brazil, has resulted in the cytological screening of 2,244,158 women, the coverage of the female population increasing from 43% to 86%. One thousand six hundred one cases screened by cytology, submitted to colposcopy, and subjected to treatment were selected. Cytopathological results were compared with those obtained on the basis of histological analyses of the loop electrical excision procedure specimens, and were subjected to statistical analyses. The data obtained were then compared with cytohistological correlation results from the first year of the program. Considering the exact correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses, the correlation index increased from 53.34% in the first year to 67.3% at the end of 5 yr of the program. Variations that occurred in each diagnostic category are discussed. This study demonstrates a significant improvement in the concordance between cytological and histological results for the 5-yr period compared with the first year of the CCSPP.     

Atypical glandular cells--an update

The diagnostic category of atypical glandular cells (AGC) in the Bethesda system for the reporting of cervicovaginal cytology has undergone significant modification since its inception in 1988. More than a decade later, this category remains a diagnostic challenge to both clinicians and cytopathologists because of the lack of uniform cytologic criteria, the lack of interobserver agreement in the diagnosis, and the lack of standardized patient management guidelines. This article reviews the current classification of AGC in the Bethesda system, the cytomorphologic features and differential diagnosis, the clinical significance of a diagnosis of AGC, and the clinical management of patients with AGC. This article provides a comprehensive clinicopathologic review of the category of AGC.     

Cervical squamous intra-epithelial changes and human papillomavirus infection in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Pune, India

In view of the dual burden of HIV infection and cervical cancers in India, this study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of Pap smear abnormalities and human papillomavirus infection among HIV-infected women. Consecutive HIV-infected women attending voluntary counseling testing clinics were enrolled. Written informed consent, demographic information, Pap smears, cervical swabs for HPV typing and a blood sample for CD4+ cell count were collected. Treatment for opportunistic and sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections was provided. Women with Pap smear abnormality were referred for further intervention. Between January 2003 and May 2004, 287 HIV-infected women were enrolled. Pap smear abnormalities were seen in 6.3% women and were more common among women aged 30 and above (P=0.042) and those who had suffered from opportunistic infections (P=0.004). In multivariate analysis, Pap smear abnormalities were associated independently with opportunistic infections (P=0.02, AOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2--11.5). Of the 100 random cervical specimens screened for HPV 16 and 18 genotypes, 33% (95 CI 23.9--43.1) were positive for HPV 16/18. Of the 122 patients who returned for a follow-up visit, 5 patients (4.1%) who did not have Pap smear abnormality at baseline, had developed Pap smear abnormality. The incidence of Pap smear abnormalities was 5.5 per 100 person year of follow-up. In order to prevent thousands of deaths due to cervical cancer in India, there is a need for strengthening the Pap smear screening program and HPV vaccine development.     

Cervical cancer screening in Tamilnadu, India: a feasibility study of training the village health nurse

Uterine cervical cancer is the most common malignancy among females in developing countries, including India. The success of cervical cancer screening programs in North America and Western Europe has been the result of centralized cervical-cytology screening. This is not possible in the villages (n=17,000) of Tamilnadu where 58 percent of females in rural areas are illiterate, health infrastructure is mediocre, and cervical cytology is unknow. The present study was undertaken to examine if the village health nurse (VHN) could be trained quickly to identify a cervical abnormality by visual inspection so that we could down stage the cancer to earlier stages, more amenable to treatment. VHNs also would be trained to take an adequate Pap smear. A total of 101 VHNs were trained in batches and returned to their villages. Within two years, 6,459 engible women in the study area were screened. The agreement between the gynecologists and the VHNs in identifying cancer among those with abnormal cervix was 95 percent, and 80 percent of the Pap smears taken by VHNs were adequate by WHO criteria, making the feasibility study highly successful.Authors are with The Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Madras, Tamil Nadu,India. Address correspondence to Dr Gajalakshmi, Epidemiology Division and Cancer Registry, 18, Sardar Patel Road, Cancer Institute (WIA), Madras-600 036, Tamilnadu, India. This project was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India, New Delhi, India.520 Cancer Causes and Control. Vol 7. 1996     

The cervical cancer screening program in Mexico: problems with access and coverage

A cross-sectional study was carried out in two geographic regions of Mexico - Oaxaca (rural area) and Mexico City (urban area) - to determine the main factors for predicting participation in Cervical Cytology Screening Programs (CCSP), in populations with high mortality due to cervical cancer. We included 4,208 women aged between 15 and 49 years, randomly selected through a national household-sample frame. Knowledge of what the Pap test is used for strongly predisposes use of CCSP in Mexico City (odds ratio [OR] = 46.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 33.1-64.1) and Oaxaca state (OR = 61.5, CI = 42.0-89.9), as well as high socioeconomic level (Mexico: OR = 2.0, CI = 1.1-7.6; Oaxaca: OR = 4.1, CI = 3.1-5.3), high education level (Mexico: OR = 3.6, CI = 1.5-8.8; Oaxaca: OR = 5.3, CI = 2.8-10.0), and access to social security (Mexico: OR = 1.7, CI = 1.4-2.2; Oaxaca: OR = 2.2, CI = 1.8-2.7). Low coverage of the CCSP is confirmed as an important problem in Mexico.     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒DNA检测在宫颈癌筛查中的作用

目的:探讨高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)DNA检测在宫颈癌筛查中的作用。方法:2005年4月~2006年4月在我院妇科门诊就诊2 340名妇女进行宫颈癌前病变筛查,采用第2代杂交捕获试验(HC-Ⅱ)检测高危型HPV DNA联合薄层液基细胞学检查,同时进行阴道镜检查,并以宫颈活检的组织病理学为确诊标准。结果:筛查并经病理诊断为HPV感染365例,宫颈上皮内瘤变(C IN)Ⅰ级71例,C INⅡ48例,C INⅢ55例,宫颈浸润癌31例。以组织病理学为确诊标准,高危型HPV DNA检测C INⅡ、C INⅢ的敏感度是91.33%,特异度是74.51%,阳性预测值是5.21%,阴性预测值是99.79%。宫颈细胞学筛查C INⅡ、C INⅢ,以未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别是90.80%、80.45%、12.30%、99.50%;以高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)为分界点的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别是98.90%、73.98%、4.90%、100.00%。高危型HPV DNA在不同宫颈病变中的阳性率分别是:宫颈癌88.57%(31/35),C INⅢ91.67%(66/72),C INⅡ87.50%(56/64),C INⅠ42.00%(21/50)。结论:高危型人乳头瘤病毒DNA检测在宫颈癌前病变的筛查中有很高的敏感度和阴性预测值,高危型HPV DNA联合细胞学检查可使敏感度和阴性预测值有提高,但特异度未能提高。