Fatal poisonings in Jutland (Denmark) during the 1980s

Summary During the period 1980 through 1989 a total of 1029 cases of fatal poisoning (638 men and 391 women) were examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark. In 68% of the cases death had been caused by drugs, whereas acute alcohol poisoning and carbon monoxide accounted for 15% and 14% of the cases, respectively. Alcohol was detected in more than half of the 1029 fatal poisoning cases, and in 42% of all cases the blood alcohol concentration was above 0.8 g/kg. In 57% of the cases death was categorized as accidental, only in 31% of the cases as suicide. Accidental deaths were especially predominant amongst drug and/or alcohol abusers. Propoxyphene was the drug found to have caused most fatal poisonings during the decade (30% of the drug-related deaths). Most of the propoxyphene-related deaths occurred during the early and mid-eighties. Barbiturate poisonings were quite frequent during the first half of the eighties. However, the number of deaths caused by barbiturates decreased significantly after 1986, when most barbiturates were withdrawn from the market. The number of deaths caused by narcotics and analgesics increased during the survey period, while no specific tendency was observed concerning antidepressants.     

医院住院患者健康教育方式探讨

目的为了更有针对性地制定住院患者健康教育干预措施,进一步提高住院患者的健康教育效果。方法通过向全院268名住院患者随机发放健康教育方式调查问卷,并对调查问卷收集到的住院患者所接触和喜欢的健康教育方式,以及其与性别、年龄、科室分布等因素的相关性进行统计学分析。结果患者在住院期间接触健康教育的主要方式为医务人员对其进行直接的、口头的健康教育方式为主。结论调查结果分析提示,住院患者的健康教育应结合住院患者的年龄和具体患病情况,采取有针对性的、直接的、口头的健康教育,是住院患者获得的健康教育干预的主要方式。     

护理人员传染病职业防护调查分析

目的了解护理人员传染病职业防护知识现状,为实施传染病职业防护护理培训提供依据. 方法采用自行设计的传染病职业护理防护知识调查表,对广东省6所医院300名护理人员基本情况、防护知识获得途径、常用防护方式、传染病法律法规防护知识需求、培训后感受、面对传染病焦虑心理反应以及防护应对方式等内容进行调查. 结果护理人员的传染病防护知识欠缺,护理人员面对传染病的职业心理状态较差,与常模比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05);护理人员应对方式与工作岗位、工作角色及工作年限相关. 结论针对护理人员的传染病职业防护知识现状及需求,护理管理者应提供相应的职业防护知识和技术及心理支持等职业防护培训.     

气囊助产术临床应用分析

目的探讨气囊助产仪在临床分娩中的作用。方法随机选择初产妇1226例，观察组613例（应用气囊助产），对照组613例。观察两组产妇的产程、分娩方式及围产情况。结果观察组的第一、二产程与总产程明显缩短；阴道分娩率大大提高、剖宫产率降低、新生儿1min Apgar评分、产后2h出血量及母乳喂养情况与对照组相比有统计学差异（P〈0．05）；宫颈撕伤率、产后感染率两组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论气囊助产术可缩短产程，减少产妇疼痛，降低软产道损伤，增加阴道分娩率，降低剖宫产率，减少产后出血和产后尿潴留。     

语用修辞与合作原则

本文拟对反语、移就及夸张三种修辞方法中对语用交际原则的悖反现象进行深入分析，从而揭示语用修辞中合作原则在适用性及在增强交流效果方面的独特作用。     

石家庄初中生家庭教养方式及父母对子女满意度的调查

通过使用自制调查问卷封1307名初中学生父母进行了调查，主要内容为其所采用的教养方式及其对子女的满意度。结果表明；父母的不同教育程度、职业、经济状况对此有很大影响，尤其是母亲的教育程度及职业在教养方式上差异显著。     

Diagnostic yield and characteristic features in a series of decomposed bodies subject to coronial autopsy

A study was undertaken of 629 cases autopsied at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia over a 10-year period from 1994 to 2004 where significant decomposition had been documented. The age range of victims was 10 months to 92 years (mean 51.5 ± 18.1 years). There were 498 males (79%) and 131 females (21%) (M:F = 3.8:1). Deaths in 289 of the 629 cases (46%) were due to natural causes, with 179 suicides (28%), 83 accidents (13%), and 36 homicides (6%). The cause of death was ascertained in 89% of cases and the manner of death in 93% of cases. In 35 cases (6%) both the cause and manner could not be determined. Numbers of suicides were higher in younger age groups while deaths from organic illnesses predominated in later life. The number of cases in summer was significantly greater than in winter. Despite technical difficulties in handling decomposed bodies, and artifactual alteration of tissue structure and microscopic features, the autopsy was still a useful diagnostic exercise. While it is likely that more information may be gleaned from fresh bodies in perfectly preserved states, decomposed bodies may reveal significant anatomical and pathological features that enable both the cause and manner of death to be established.     

The Impact of Time on Predicate Forms in the Manual Modality: Signers,Homesigners, and Silent Gesturers

It is difficult to create spoken forms that can be understood on the spot. But the manual modality, in large part because of its iconic potential, allows us to construct forms that are immediately understood, thus requiring essentially no time to develop. This paper contrasts manual forms for actions produced over three time spans—by silent gesturers who are asked to invent gestures on the spot; by homesigners who have created gesture systems over their life spans; and by signers who have learned a conventional sign language from other signers—and finds that properties of the predicate differ across these time spans. Silent gesturers use location to establish co-reference in the way established sign languages do, but they show little evidence of the segmentation sign languages display in motion forms for manner and path, and little evidence of the finger complexity sign languages display in handshapes in predicates representing events. Homesigners, in contrast, not only use location to establish co-reference but also display segmentation in their motion forms for manner and path and finger complexity in their object handshapes, although they have not yet decreased finger complexity to the levels found in sign languages in their handling handshapes. The manual modality thus allows us to watch language as it grows, offering insight into factors that may have shaped and may continue to shape human language.     

某市中学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为状况调查分析

目的了解某市中学生对艾滋病的知识、态度及危险行为的状况，为制定该人群的艾滋病控制策略提供理论依据。方法采用统一设计的问卷对进行面对面调查。结果被调查对象关于艾滋病知识的主要来源是报刊、杂志、书籍（占59％）与广播电视（占56％），对传播艾滋病的三种途径均答对的比例为43．5％，愿意接受艾滋病知识的为91．37结论：被调查学生对AIDS主要传播途径的认知水平较低，对AIDS的流行形势和危害程度认识不足。应全面加强中学生AIDS防制知识宣传教育工作，提高学生的危机意识和防护技能。     

Principles and Pitfalls: a Guide to Death Certification

Death certificates serve the critical functions of providing documentation for legal/administrative purposes and vital statistics for epidemiologic/health policy purposes. In order to satisfy these functions, it is important that death certificates be filled out completely, accurately, and promptly. The high error rate in death certification has been documented in multiple prior studies, as has the effectiveness of educational training interventions at mitigating errors. The following guide to death certification is intended to illustrate some basic principles and common pitfalls in electronic death registration with the goal of improving death certification accuracy.