Investigation of the mechanisms of Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity by a cell metabolomics strategy combined with serum pharmacology in HL-7702 liver cells

1. To investigate Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity, a cell metabolomics strategy combined with serum pharmacology was performed on human HL-7702 liver cells in this study.

2. Firstly, cell viability and biochemical indicators were determined and the cell morphology was observed to confirm the cell injury and develop a cell hepatotoxicity model. Then, with the help of cell metabolomics based on UPLC-MS, the Genkwa Flos group samples were completely separated from the blank group samples in the score plots and seven upregulated as well as two down-regulated putative biomarkers in the loading plot were identified and confirmed. Besides, two signal molecules and four enzymes involved in biosynthesis pathway of lysophosphatidylcholine and the sphingosine kinase/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway were determined to investigate the relationship between Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity and these two classic pathways. Finally, the metabolic pathways related to specific biomarkers and two classic metabolic pathways were analyzed to explain the possible mechanism of Genkwa Flos hepatotoxicity.

3. Based on the results, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, phospholipase A₂/lysophosphatidylcholine pathway, the disturbance of sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolic profile centered on sphingosine kinase/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway and fatty acid metabolism might be critical participators in the progression of liver injury induced by Genkwa Flos.     

Codeine-induced histamine release in intact human skin monitored by skin microdialysis technique: comparison ofintradermal injections with an atraumatic intraprobe drug delivery system

Background The skin microdiallysis technique makes it possible to measure histamine release in intact human skin in vivo directly. In this study we have used the microdialysis technique to characterize histamine release by codeine after intracutaneous injectioin and following skin challenge by a novel atraumatic delivery technique. Objective The purpose of the study was to compare histamine release in human skin by codeine. delivered by an intraprobe drug delivery system (IPD) and intracutaneous injections (ICT), with respect to dose-response relations, kinetics of histamine appearance and decay, corelations between histamine release and skin respones, and reproducibility. Methods Hollow dialysis fibres were inserted intradermally in 12 healthy subjects. Twelve fibres were inserted in each subjects, six fibres in each arm. Each fibre was perfused at a rate of 3 μL/min, and samples were collected in 2 min fractions. By the IPD technique, codeine was administrered to the skin by adding codeine to the perfusion medium. Sequential IPD challenges were performed in one arm. and ICTs were done on the other arm. Results Sixfold serial dilutions of codeine (0.01-3 mg/mL) caused a significant doserelated histamine release by ICT and IPD. Peak histamine release was found within the first 4 min after skin challenge by ICT and IPD, followed by a fast decline with a dialysate histamine half life of approximately 2-3 min. Peak hisamine release was linearly correlates with cumulative release of the 20 min sampling period, and histamine release correlated with weal soze. The coefficient of variation on peak histamine releae was 18.9% and 4.8% for codeine ICT and IPD, respectively. Conclusioin We have described in detail codeine-induced histamine release in intact human skin in vivo by the microdialysis technique. It was possible to administer codeine atraumaticallyl to the skin by intraprobe delivery. The skin microdialysis codeine atraumaticallly to the skin by intraprobe delivery. The skin microdialysis technique opens up possibilities for measurement of infllammatory mediators release in normal and diseases skin, and it will be possible to deliver immunopharmacologically active drugsto the skin by intraprobe delivery.     

Safety pharmacology of the respiratory system: Techniques and study design

The known effects of drugs from a variety of pharmacologic/therapeutic classes on the respiratory system and worldwide regulatory requirements support the need for conducting respiratory evaluations in safety pharmacology. The objective of these studies is to evaluate the potential for drugs to cause secondary pharmacologic or toxicologic effects that influence respiratory function. Changes in respiratory function can result either from alterations in the pumping apparatus that controls the pattern of pulmonary ventilation or from changes in the mechanical properties of the lung that determine the transpulmonary pressures (work) required for lung inflation and deflation. Defects in the pumping apparatus are classified as hypo- or hyperventilation syndromes and are evaluated by examining ventilatory parameters in a conscious animal model. The ventilatory parameters include respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, peak (or mean) inspiratory flow, peak (or mean) expiratory flow, and fractional inspiratory time. Defects in mechanical properties of the lung are classified as obstructive or restrictive disorders and can be evaluated in animal models by performing flow-volume and pressure-volume maneuvers, respectively. The parameters used to detect airway obstruction include peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow at 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity, and a timed forced expiratory volume, while the parameters used to detect lung restriction include total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and compliance. Measurement of dynamic lung resistance and compliance, obtained continuously during tidal breathing, is an alternative method for evaluating obstructive and restrictive disorders, respectively, and is used when the response to drug treatment is expected to be immediate (within minutes post-dose). The species used in the safety pharmacology studies conducted in our laboratory are the same as those used in toxicology studies since pharmacokinetic and toxicologic/pathologic data are available in these species. These data can be used to help select test measurement intervals and doses and to aid in the interpretation of functional change. The techniques and procedures for measuring respiratory function parameters are well established in guinea pigs, rats, and dogs.     

Single-dose oral omeprazole for reduction of gastric residual acidity in adults for outpatient surgery

Omeprazole is a substituted benzimidazole that causes dose-dependent intracellular inhibition of gastric acid secretion in humans. This double-blind study examined the effect of omeprazole in decreasing gastric acidity and gastric residual volume in outpatient adults. Unpremedicated outpatients, ASA I-III, 18 years or older (n = 17), were randomly assigned to receive omeprazole 80 mg, or placebo by mouth the night before scheduled elective outpatient surgery. The patients were fasted for 8 h prior to surgery. After the patient was anesthetized, an orogastric tube was inserted with proper placement verified by auscultation for gastric sounds. Gastric residual contents were withdrawn into a Luken's trap, and pH was then determined and gastric volume indexed to weight (ml.kg-1). Data were analyzed by a t-test, with P less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Patient characteristics of both groups were similar. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups for pH (P = 0.02), but not between the two groups for gastric volume indexed to weight (P = 0.07).     

复方硅橡胶对家兔输卵管上皮细胞内铜元素含量及超微结构的影响

本实验就复方硅橡胶栓堵剂（ＣＳＲ）对家兔输卵管上皮细胞趋微结构的影响进行了观察分析，并测定了上皮细胞内铜元素的含量变化，电镜观察表明：家充输卵管经复方硅橡胶栓堵后，其上皮细胞表面结构、细胞连接、细胞核等超微结构均未发生明显的形态改变：注药侧（右侧〕和对照侧（左侧）输卵管上皮细胞内虽有少数线粒体膨胀，但两组间无论在线粒体数目，膨胀线粒体百分率以及线粒体外膜比表面等方面均无差异（Ｐ＞０．１），电镜Ｘ—时线能谱分析表明：注药侧输卵管上皮细胞内铜元素的相对含量咯高于对照组，而且铜元素多畜集于线粒体内。     

司帕沙星对试验动物的一般药理研究

小鼠单次经口灌服司帕沙星4、20和100mg/kg后,动物的活动正常,未出现兴奋的抑制作用;小鼠单次经口灌服司帕沙星4、20和100mg/kg,与戊巴比妥钠镇静催眠无明显协同作用;给猫静脉注射司帕沙星4、16和64mg/kg,对动物呼吸和心血管系统无明显影响。     

Analysis of pharmacological mechanisms of Yinyanghuo as treatment of erectile dysfunction with network pharmacology-based strategy

Erectile dysfunction is considered an important health problem that impacts the quality of life of men. Yinyanghuo, also called Epimedium or Horny Goat Weed, is a frequently used Chinese traditional herbal medicine, commonly used in treating erectile dysfunction in China. A network pharmacology method was performed systematically, at a molecular level, to analyse the pharmacological mechanism of Yinyanghuo as erectile dysfunction therapy. The network pharmacology method used in this study primarily includes prescreening of the active compounds, prediction of targets, network analysis and gene enrichment analysis. This network analysis proved that 4 targets (AR, NR3C2, PDE5A and BMP2) could be the targets of Yinyanghuo therapy on erectile dysfunction. Besides, gene enrichment analysis predicted that Yinyanghuo might have a role in erectile dysfunction by regulating 10 molecular functions, 8 cellular components, 10 biological processes and 36 possible targets related to 10 signalling pathways. Our study demonstrated the molecular and pharmacological mechanisms of Yinyanghuo against erectile dysfunction with a holistic approach and demonstrated a powerful method for analysing pharmacological mechanisms and rational utilisation of Traditional Chinese Medicine clinically.     

基于网络药理学整合体内实验探究脉络舒通丸抗血栓性浅静脉炎的作用机制

目的 基于网络药理学整合体内实验方法探究脉络舒通丸抗血栓性浅静脉炎（superficial thrombophlebitis,STP）的作用机制。方法 借助网络药理学方法,从药物及疾病相关数据库筛选脉络舒通丸的成分作用靶点及STP疾病相关靶点,根据拓扑特征值筛选关键靶点后,进行基因本体（gene ontology,GO）功能及京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）通路富集分析。将日本大耳白兔随机分为对照组、模型组、地奥司明（0.168 g/kg）组和脉络舒通丸低、中、高剂量（0.56、1.68、5.04 g/kg）组。除对照组外,其余各组均采用耳缘iv 20%甘露醇建立STP兔模型。造模同时各给药组连续ig给药14 d。采用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色法检测各组兔耳组织病理变化;ELISA检测各组血清中白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和IL-6水平;Western blotting检测耳组织蛋白激酶B(pr...     

盐酸溴己新阿莫西林胶囊的一般药理学和毒理学研究

目的 :探讨盐酸溴己新阿莫西林胶囊对动物神经、心血管和呼吸系统的影响及毒性。方法 :小鼠一次性口服 (ig)药物后 ,测定其对神经系统的影响和耐受性 ;腹腔注射 (ip)测其LD50;记录给猫灌药后不同时间的心电图和呼吸变化 ;大鼠按不同剂量ig2个月作长期毒性研究。结果 :本品对小鼠的自主活动无影响 ,与安钠咖和戊巴比妥钠均无协同作用和抑制作用 ;对猫的心血管系统和呼吸均无影响 ;小鼠ig的最大耐受量大于24g/kg;ip的LD50 为3842.82mg/kg;给大鼠ig2个月 ,对动物的各项检查指标均无影响。结论 :本品对动物的神经、心血管和呼吸系统均无影响 ,长期服用本品无明显毒副作用 ,服用安全     

EFFECTS OF RADIX ANGE LICAE SINENSIS AND SHUANGHUANGLIAN ON A RAT MOD EL OF CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PNEUMONIA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ　　Ｉｎｃｙｓｔｉｃｆｉｂｒｏｓｉｓ (ＣＦ)ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉ ｎｏｓａ (ＰＡ)ｉｓｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｃａｕｓｉｎｇｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｌｕｎｇｉｎｆｅｃ ｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｇｅ (1,2 ) .Ｔｈｅｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｉｎａｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ,ｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍ ｍｕｎｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄｂｙｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｌｙｍｏｒ…