Experimental emetine myopathy: enzyme histochemical,electron microscopic,and immunomorphological studies

Summary Ipecac, containing emetine hydrochloride, is used by patients with anorexia nervosa to induce vomiting. Its chronic usage may result in a myopathy and a cardiomyopathy, the former marked by cytoplasmic bodies. We studied myopathological changes after daily injections of female Wistar rats with emetine hydrochloride intraperitoneally for periods of 4, 5, 9, and 10 weeks. the extensor digitorum longus muscle and the soleus muscle showed core-like lesions, streaming of the z-discs, nemaline bodies, cytoplasmic bodies, and spheroid cytoplasmic bodies. Immunomorphological studies revealed increased amounts of desmin. During a period of repair, i.e., 2, 4, and 6 weeks after termination of emetine application, these myopathological alterations faded while proliferation of the T-tubular system, i.e., honeycomb structures, was more often prevalent. Pathological features completely disappeared between 6 and 12 weeks of recovery.     

吐根醚溶性生物碱提取工艺研究

目的：探讨吐根中醚溶性生物碱的提取方法。方法：采用正交试验法,以吐根中醚溶性生物碱的提取率为评价指标,考察提取工艺。结果：吐根中醚溶性生物碱的最佳提取条件为粉碎为80目,20倍90%乙醇超声提取1次1 h。结论：该方法能充分有效的提取醚溶性生物碱,可作为吐根药材提取醚溶性生物碱的优选工艺。     

Iridoids as chemical markers of false ipecac (Ronabea emetica), a previously confused medicinal plant

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Several roots or rhizomes of rubiaceous species are reportedly used as the emetic and antiamoebic drug ipecac. True ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha) is chemically well characterized, in contrast to striated or false ipecac derived from the rhizomes of Ronabea emetica (syn. Psychotria emetica). Besides its previous use as substitute of ipecac, the latter species is applied in traditional medicine of Panama and fruits of its relative Ronabea latifolia are reported as curare additives from Colombia.

Materials and methods

Compounds of Ronabea emetica were isolated using standard chromatographic techniques, and structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Organ specific distribution in Ronabea emetica as well as in Ronabea latifolia was further assessed by comparative HPLC analysis.

Results

Four iridoid-glucosides, asperuloside (1), 6α-hydroxygeniposide (2), deacetylasperulosidic acid (3) and asperulosidic acid (4) were extracted from leaves of Ronabea emetica. Rhizomes, used in traditional medicine, were dominated by 3. HPLC profiles of Ronabea latifolia were largely corresponding. These results contrast to the general tendency of producing emetine-type and indole alkaloids in species of Psychotria and closely related genera and merit chemotaxonomic significance, characterizing the newly delimited genus Ronabea.

Conclusions

The aim of the work was to resolve the historic problem of adulteration of ipecac by establishing the chemical profile of Ronabea emetica, the false ipecac, as one of its less known sources. The paper demonstrates that different sources of ipecac can be distinguished by their phytochemistry, thus contributing to identifying adulterations of true ipecac.     

吐根提取工艺研究

目的：探讨吐根中醚溶性生物碱的提取方法。方法：采用正交实验法,以吐根中醚溶性生物碱的提取率为评价指标,考察提取工艺。结果：吐根中醚溶性生物碱的最佳提取条件为粉碎为10目,提取2次,每次12倍90％乙醇提取1小时。结论：该方法能充分有效的提取醚溶性生物碱,可作为吐根药材提取醚溶性生物碱的优选工艺。     

The outcome of North American pediatric unintentional mushroom ingestions with various decontamination treatments: An analysis of 14 years of TESS data

The optimum empiric decontamination therapy for unintentional pediatric mushroom ingestion is not known. We sought to determine case outcomes for unintentional mushroom ingestions in children by decontamination therapies utilized. The 1992-2005 American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System was queried for cases of unintentional acute mushroom ingestions in children age <6 years. Cases were excluded if outcome was unknown, if exposure was coded as unrelated to the symptoms, or if there was co-ingestion of a non-mycoid substance. The treatment subgroups analyzed were ipecac, single-dose activated charcoal, and no gastric decontamination. 82,330 cases met the inclusion criteria with 22,454 cases excluded. There were 16 cases with major effects and no deaths. There were 57,531 cases in the three treatment subgroups. There was a significantly smaller percentage of cases with moderate or major outcomes in the ipecac subgroup compared to the no decontamination subgroup. There was a significantly greater percentage of cases with moderate or major outcomes in the activated charcoal compared to the no decontamination subgroup. If decontamination therapy is being performed, and this data suggests it may not be necessary, syrup of ipecac could still be considered an effective option.