Critical trust: understanding lay perceptions of health and safety risk regulation

The binary opposition of trusting or not trusting is inadequate to understand the often ambiguous and contradictory ideas people possess about risk regulators, particularly when knowledge and experience of such institutions is limited. The paper reports qualitative and quantitative data from a major study of public perceptions (n?=?30 focus groups) of UK risk regulators. We compare the complex and widely different ‘trust profiles’ of two regulatory organisations which are institutionally related (the Health and Safety Executive and the Railways Inspectorate) but very separate in the minds of our participants. The paper develops the notion of critical trust to interrogate the various ways in which people make sense of such organisations, as well as discussing the modes of reasoning that people deploy. The paper argues that views of participants are the outcome of a reconciliation of diverse perceptions concerning the role of the organisation, structural factors and the nature of the regulated risk.     

Trusting patients, trusting nurses

Abstract  The general expectation that patients should be willing to trust nurses is rarely explored or challenged despite claims of diminishing public trust in social and professional institutions. Everyday meanings of trust take account of circumstance and suggest that our understanding of what it means to trust is contextually bound. However, in the context of health care, to trust implies a particular understanding which becomes apparent when abuses of this trust are reported and acknowledged as scandals. The predominant assumption in the literature that trust is something that occurs between equally competent adults cannot explain trust in nursing precisely because of the unequal power relationships between patients on the one hand and healthcare professionals on the other. Moreover, the tendency to conflate terms such as trust, reliance, confidence and so on suggests that confusion permeates discussions of trust in nursing. In this paper, I argue in support of Annette Baier's requirement of good will (or lack of ill will) as the essential feature of trust, and outline how this account (i) enables us to make the necessary distinctions between trust on the one hand and 'trust pretenders' on the other; and (ii) lays the foundations for understanding trust in relationships, such as those between patients and nurses, where power differentials exist.     

基于信任源模型的全科医疗服务医患信任问题及对策建议

在全科医疗服务制度背景下,增强医患信任是提升医疗服务质量的关键。基于医患信任源模型,结合文献分析,本文对全科医疗服务中的医患信任问题进行了深入探索,得出卫生行政部门对签约服务的监督力度、社区卫生服务机构的设施环境、全科医生提供的服务质量、居民自身的信任倾向是影响医患信任的关键因素。基于此,文章从四方主体角度出发,提出要加强卫生行政部门监管力度、提升制度信任、加强医患沟通、增强人际信任、发挥居民的社会监督力量等建议,以进一步提高居民对基层医疗卫生服务的利用意愿和全科医疗的服务质量。     

The failed repressor: EEG asymmetry as a moderator of the relation between defensiveness and depressive symptoms

This study assessed the joint effects of defensiveness and frontal asymmetry in predicting symptoms of depression and anxiety. Depression symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety symptoms with the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). Defensiveness was assessed with both the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSD) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire L scale (EPQL). Participants completed two EEG recording sessions 3 weeks apart. Six baselines, three eyes open and three eyes closed, were recorded in each session. Alpha power (8–13 Hz) was computed and log transformed. R–L asymmetry was computed at eight pairs of homologous sites for aggregated data. Defensiveness (EPQL and MCSD scores) and depression symptoms (BDI) were assessed at the beginning of the first session. L and MCSD correlated positively with anterior R–L asymmetries. For both scales, the highest correlations were observed at F8–F7. L interacted with F8–F7 asymmetry to predict depressive symptoms. Among left frontally active individuals, there was trend toward a negative correlation between L and BDI. Among the right frontally active individuals, the correlation between L and the BDI was positive. MCSD did not moderate the relation between F8–F7 asymmetry and BDI. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that defensiveness protects against symptoms of depression in the context of left frontal activity, and serves as a diathesis for depression in the context of right frontal activity. High-defensive individuals who are right frontally active may represent “failed repressors,” i.e. individuals for whom defensiveness does not protect against depression, and may even exacerbate it.     

Regulating the gene: From genetic consumption to regulatory trust

In this article, we examine the changing terms on which genetics-based technologies in two areas agriculture (Genetically Modified Organism, GMOs) and health (genetic diagnostics) have been regulated. These are used to illustrate and examine the proposition that shifts in the politics of governance and regulation (associated in part with the advent of the negotiation state) have meant that the responsibility for the social management of new technology is increasingly shared between the state and the consumer. However, this redistribution of the social management of risk, we argue, fails to establish a sufficient basis for a legitimate regulatory trust. We suggest that trust will depend on embedding broad social values and a self-critical agenda within the regulatory regime itself.     

社会资本在健康领域的应用现状

在解释收入不平等对健康差异的影响作用时，流行病学家引入了社会资本的概念，尽管社会资本理论自身还存在很多争议，但其与健康关系的研究引起了众多学者的兴趣。本文从各种社会资本的概念，社会资本在健康领域研究中的应用，社会资本影响健康的可能机制，各种测量方法和存在的不足以及在中国目前的应用现状等方面进行了浅析。     

珠海市职业高中学生人际间暴力的相关因素分析

目的了解高中学生人际间暴力的现状、发生原因及危险因素,为有效防控校园暴力提供依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法对586名珠海市职业高中学生进行问卷调查。结果被调查的学生在12个月内,有286人遭受人际间暴力,总发生率为48.81%,其中语言暴力占44.82%,躯体暴力占38.22%,性暴力占16.96%。年龄相仿的同校男生是主要的施暴者,其次为教职工;校外是主要的施暴场所,其次是校内;最主要的施暴原因是无缘无故即兴所为,其次与恋爱有关;暴力事件对学生的影响从无到身心健康严重受损均存在。报复是主要的应对方式。同学是主要的倾诉对象。男生、学习差、本地户口、家庭结构不完整、激惹他人是主要的危险因素。结论珠海市职业高中学生人际间暴力问题严重,必须尽快采取有效措施予以预防和控制。     

一种基于信任的Web服务工作流组织模型

跨组织工作流致力于跨越组织界限的业务重组,经过组织体间的网络行为的直接交互与间接推荐,从而形成松散藕合的工作流联盟。这种基于网络行为形成的联盟信任机制具有身份信任不可替代的作用。文章提出了一种基于网络行为的联盟信任模型,研究了D-S证据理论和冲突处理方法在工作流联盟信任模型中的应用。为了解决间接信任度的计算问题,对经验推荐路径的搜索进行了研究。利用这些理论来解决模型中信任的度量、传递和组合问题。结果分析表明,与已有的工作流联盟模型相比,提出的工作流联盟信任模型具有更细的可信实体粒度和更精确的组合信任度。模拟实验结果证实了工作流信任模型可有效提高联盟的稳定性,提高了工作流执行的成功率。