利用表型筛选法测定整合子对耐药性基因盒的整合频率

目的 建立一种利用表型筛选的方法来测定整合子对耐药性基因盒的整合频率. 方法 将整合子和aadA2耐药性基因盒克隆到同一质粒pACYCl84的不同位点,该重组质粒和高表达整合酶的重组质粒分别转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),挑选阳性克隆过夜培养后,取适量菌液涂布含有链霉素的LB琼脂平板,同时取适量菌液涂布不含链霉素的LB琼脂平板,过夜培养后计数菌落个数,用以计算整合频率.同时以链霉素平板上的阳性克隆为模板,进行PCR扩增.对扩增产物切胶回收纯化,然后进行测序,以确定aadA2耐药性基因盒整合位点. 结果 在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)宿主中,整合子对aadA2耐药性基因盒的整合频率为1.1×103,主要的整合位点为attI. 结论 该系统可以用于整合子对基因盒捕获频率的测定.     

痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌整合子分布及分型研究

目的研究临床痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌中整合子的分布与分型。方法用Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类3种整合酶基因通用引物扩增398株痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌的相应基因;用琼脂对倍稀释法检测临床菌株的MIC。结果Ⅰ类整合酶基因总阳性率为48.7%,Ⅱ类整合酶基因总阳性率为2.3%,未检出Ⅲ类整合酶基因阳性菌株,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合子同时阳性率为1.5%。肠杆菌科细菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性率为69%,Ⅱ类整合子阳性率为2.7%;非发酵菌中Ⅰ类整合子阳性率为34%,Ⅱ类整合子阳性率为1.8%。在肠杆菌科细菌中,Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均明显高于阴性菌株。结论在痰标本分离的革兰阴性杆菌中,肠杆菌科细菌Ⅰ类整合子的携带率高于非发酵菌,Ⅱ类整合子则无明显区别。     

多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶及整合子检测与分析

目的了解新疆维吾尔自治区多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶和整合子分布,为有效控制医院感染提供重要依据。方法收集2010年5月-2011年12月医院各种标本5 208份,使用VITEK-2Compact系统进行菌株的鉴定和药敏试验,对14株肺炎克雷伯菌进行改良Hodge试验,亚胺培南-EDTA协同试验,使用PCR技术检测blaNDM、blaIMP、blaIMI、blaVIM、blaGES、blaKPC、Ⅰ^Ⅲ类整合酶及整合子可变区,并测序明确基因型。结果 14株肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和妥布霉素的耐药率均为71.42%,对亚胺培南和美罗培南及其他抗菌药物的耐药率均为100.00%;14株多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌改良Hodge试验有13株表现为阳性,阳性率92.86%;亚胺培南-EDTA纸条法协同试验检测均表现为阴性;PCR检测多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌均携带KPC-2基因和Ⅰ类整合子;7株整合子可变区扩增出dfrA12-aadA2基因。结论新疆维吾尔自治区发现的多药耐药肺炎克雷伯菌携带KPC-2基因和Ⅰ类整合子,耐药机制与KPC-2和Ⅰ类整合子有关。     

The new perspective of old antibiotic: In vitro antibacterial activity of TMP-SMZ against Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background/purposeTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is broadly administered to treat multiple infections, and the paucity of effective treatment alternatives for infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to a renewed interest in TMP-SMZ. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of TMP-SMZ against K. pneumoniae.MethodsThe resistance genes of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were investigated by PCR, followed by conjugation experiments and multilocus sequence typing.ResultsThe resistance rate of K. pneumoniae to TMP-SMZ decreased over the collection period from 26.7% (88/330) to 16.9% (56/332). The high carrying rates (173/175, 98.9%) of resistance determinants (sul genes or dfr genes) were the main mechanisms of TMP-SMZ resistance isolates, with sul1 (142/175, 81.1%) and dfrA1 (119/175, 68.0%). Only class 1 integron was detected, the prevalence of which in TMP-SMZ resistant K. pneumoniae was 63.4% (111/175).ConclusionThese results provided insights into the antimicrobial efficacy of TMP-SMZ against K. pneumoniae, also illustrating the wide distribution of SMZ and TMP resistance genes among resistant K. pneumoniae. Simultaneously, the present study highlights the significance of reasonable administration and effective continued monitoring.     

25株耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药机制研究

目的:了解临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药谱特征、同源性及碳青霉烯酶的产生状况。方法:采用PHOENIX100自动化细菌鉴定药敏系统及纸片扩散法进行药敏试验;基因外重复回文序列PCR(REP-PCR)法分析其基因同源性;聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测β内酰胺酶基因,并对扩增出的碳青霉烯酶基因进行序列分析;对整合子基因进行PCR检测。等电聚焦电泳测定β内酰胺酶的等电点。碱裂解法提取质粒。结果:2003年1月～2005年12月我院共分离到30株碳青霉烯类中介或耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌,其中儿科ICU病房9株,外科ICU病房12株。菌株表现为多重耐药,但儿科ICU与其他病房分离株的耐药谱有差异。对存活的非重复的25株菌进行检测,REP-PCR图谱分为A、B、C、D4个基因型,A型7株集中在儿科ICU,16株属于B型,C型和D型各1株。PCR检出10株菌携带OXA-23基因,其中包括7株儿科ICU的碳青霉烯类耐药菌,而外科ICU分离的耐药菌株不具有OXA-23基因。所有菌株均未能检出OXA-24、IMP及VIM基因。有20株携带PER-1型酶基因。22株细菌检测出Ⅰ型整合子基因结构(大小约180～3500bp)。结论:本院碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌流行主要为医院感染所致,儿科ICU分离的菌株对碳青霉烯类耐药的主要机制为产生OXA-23型酶,外科ICU分离的菌株对碳青霉烯类耐药的主要机制则可能为膜通透性降低的原因。     

细菌整合子研究进展

整合子是近年来在细菌中发现的一种可移动性基因元件，通过位点特异性重组捕获并表达外源性基因盒，是导致耐药基因在细菌间水平播散的重要原因。本文就整合子的发现、结构、分类；基因盒的结构、来源；整合子对基因盒的捕获、剪切与表达；整合子与细菌耐药性的关系以及整合子的检测等方面进行综述。     

鲍氏不动杆菌耐消毒剂-磺胺基因、Ⅰ类整合酶基因及氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因研究

目的了解鲍氏不动杆菌耐消毒剂-磺胺基因(qacE△1-sulI)、Ⅰ类整合酶基因(intI1)及氨基糖苷类修饰酶(aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes,AMEs)基因存在情况.方法自临床分离20株鲍氏不动杆菌,采用聚合酶链反应及序列分析的方法分析qacE△1-sulⅠ、intI1及9种AMEs基因.结果 qacE△l-sulⅠ、intⅠ1、aac(3)Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ和aac(6')-Ⅱ基因的阳性率分别为90.0%、20.0%、55.0%、15.0%、35.0%、60.0%和5.0%,而aac(3)-Ⅲ、aac(3)-Ⅳ、ant(2")-Ⅰ和aph(3')-Ⅵ基因均阴性.结论浙江省立同德医院临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌多重耐药严重,耐消毒剂-磺胺基因及AMEs基因携带率较高.     

菌落杂交法鉴定沙门菌第一类整合子

目的:建立一种快速而经济的鉴定细菌中整合子的新方法,分析整合子介导的细菌耐药性。方法:以第一类整合酶基因intI1为探针,采用地高辛进行标记,菌落杂交的方法来鉴定第一类整合子阳性菌株。结果:发现在23株沙门菌中,四株第一类整合子阳性菌株,与采用第一类整合酶基因intI1 PCR扩增方法所得到的结果相一致。结论:菌落杂交法可以简单快速地鉴定细菌中整合子,这对研究整合子的特性及整合子在细菌耐药性中的介导作用具有重要意义。     

铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子遗传标记及耐药基因研究

目的 了解分离自重症监护病房（ICU）铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）中,Ⅰ类整合子及抗菌药物耐药相关基因存在状况。方法 对ICU分离33株PAE,采用PCR方法检测Ⅰ类整合子遗传标记（intⅠ1和qacE△1-sul1基因）及22种抗菌药物耐药相关基因。结果33株PAE中,oprD基因均存在缺失突变,其他23种基因intⅠ1、qacE△1-sul1、blaIMP、blaVIM、blaTEM、blaSHV、blaOXA-10群、blaCARB、blaPER、blaVEB、blaGES、blaDHA、blaOXA-1群、blaOXA-2群、blaBEL-1、blaCTX-M-1群、aac（3）-Ⅱ、aac（6′）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅱ、ant（3″）-Ⅰ、ant（2″）-Ⅰ、catB和cml1均阴性。结论 临床分离的PAE中不存在Ⅰ类整合子、oprD基因缺失突变率很高,oprD基因缺失突变是其对亚胺培南耐药的主要原因。     

Molecular characterization of class 1 integrons and antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas strains from foodborne outbreak-suspect samples and environmental sources in Taiwan

One hundred thirty-three Aeromonas spp. isolates were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes and prevalence of class 1 integron sequences. Twenty-four (18.0%) of these isolates contained class 1 integron. Seven different class 1 integrons were found among 24strains, with a total of 10 different gene cassettes encoding for resistance to trimethoprim (dfr12 and dfr2d), aminoglycosides (aadA1 and aadA2), beta-lactam antibiotics (oxa2), chloramphenicol (catB3 and catB8), quaternary ammonium amines (qacE2), and 2 ORFs (orfD and orfF) with unknown function. Rate of antibiotic resistance was different between integron-positive and integron-negative strains. Trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistances were commonly associated with integron, and all of integron-positive isolates were multiple resistant to more than 3 agents. Resistance to as many as 10 antimicrobial agents were observed in integron-positive strains. Several cassette arrays of class 1 integrons identified in this study were not previously reported in Aeromonas strains. This study demonstrates the wide distribution of class 1 integron in Aeromonas spp. isolated from foodborne outbreak-suspect samples and environmental sources in Taiwan.