浅谈病理教材中的插图教学（in EngUsh）

目的探讨病理学教材插图的作用与插图的教学方法。方法对国内外几本病理学教材插图进行对比和进行相关的统计分析。结果从第四版到第六版，国内的病理学教材插图在质量上明显提高了。与国内的教科书插图相比，国外教材各类插图数量均更多，而且其中线条图和模式图所占的比例也明显高于国内教科书。结论有必要提高教材插图的质量并增加其在病理学教学中的应用。     

Twelve-year experience with bilateral internal mammary artery grafts

A 12 1/2-year experience with 227 patients who underwent coronary revascularization with bilateral internal mammary artery (IMA) and supplemental saphenous vein grafts is presented. There were 725 coronary grafts performed (3.2 per patient). Forty-four IMA grafts were sequential. In 42 patients, the right IMA was placed through the transverse sinus to revascularize the circumflex artery. Operative mortality was 4% (9 of 227 patients). Postoperative complications included sternal infection (4 patients), reexploration for bleeding (5), and diaphragmatic dysfunction (10). Postoperative arteriography in 30 patients (mean interval, 4 1/4 years) revealed that 92% (34/37) of the left IMA and 87% (26/30) of the right IMA grafts were patent. Late follow-up was complete in 207 surviving patients. Eighteen late deaths (9 cardiac and 9 noncardiac) occurred. Actuarial survival was 83% at 10 years after operation. Of 68 patients followed from 8 to 12 1/2 years (mean interval, 10 1/2 years), 69% were asymptomatic, and 28% were in New York Heart Association Functional Class II. We conclude that bilateral IMA grafting can be accomplished with low operative risk and provides excellent long-term results.     

敦煌针灸文献之《灸经图》的价值

《灸经图》是敦煌出土的针灸文献中罕见的灸疗图谱,具有重要的学术价值和文献价值,本文将从命名、分卷与绘图数量、灸方与主治病症、特点、临床应用等方面介绍,并提出今后研究的重点及方向。     

图例分析法在动脉采血临床教学中的应用现状

<正>动脉采血常用于血气分析,血气分析可用于监测有无酸碱平衡失调、低氧血症和高碳酸血症,判断急、慢性呼吸衰竭的程度,调整呼吸机参数[1-2]。动脉     

《简明心肌梗死图解》对急性心肌梗死患者再灌注决定时间的影响

目的探讨《简明心肌梗死图解》对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者再灌注治疗决定时间的影响。方法将2013年6月至2014年6月期间就诊于首都医科大学大兴医院适合急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的急性STEMI患者随机分为常规组和图解组;常规组采用目前临床常用的方法向患者和患者家属交代病情;图解组在常规方法的基础上借助《简明心肌梗死图解》向患者及其亲属进行简明扼要的STEMI医学知识紧急培训,帮助其迅速了解STEMI的发病机制和再灌注治疗的重要性;两组患者均在做出再灌注治疗决定并签署急诊PCI知情同意书后,尽快施行急诊PCI,并收住冠心病监护病房进一步治疗。结果图解组(n=49)患者的再灌注决定时间、进门-首次球囊扩张时间均明显短于常规组(n=50)[(15.1±11.5)min比(25.9±12.9)min,(105.7±28.4)min比(117.1±29.2)min,P均0.05]。结论简明心肌梗死图解可以缩短STEMI患者再灌注治疗决定时间、缩短进门-首次球囊扩张时间。     

Vesalius Revised. His Annotations to the 1555 Fabrica1

The De humani corporis fabrica [The Fabric of the Human Body], Basle, 1543, of Andreas Vesalius is deservedly famous as the first modern book of anatomy. A second edition was published in Basle in 1555, but little is known of Vesalius’ activities after that date. This article discusses a recent find: Vesalius’ own copy of the 1555 edition, heavily annotated in preparation for a never published third edition. Vesalius made hundreds of changes to the second edition, the great majority being stylistic, altering the Latin words but not the overall meaning. There are also changes to the plates to give greater clarity or to correct mistakes by the original block-cutter. There is little new anatomical material, although Vesalius continued to meditate about what he had earlier discovered. He shows no sign of being acquainted with the findings of others, like Colombo or Falloppia, that were published after he had moved his residence from Brussels to Spain in summer 1559, perhaps leaving this volume behind. The number of annotations shows Vesalius’ passionate concern not only for accuracy but also for the most effective way of proclaiming his new anatomical message.     

《修真图》《内经图》先天医学文化符号象征蕴意

从研究对象来看,医学可以划分为两大类:“后天医学”与“先天医学”。“后天医学”关注生命形体生后死前的阶段,“先天医学”则拓展至生命诞生前与消亡后的情况,道医内丹医学属于先天医学。“文化符号”具有高度的凝练性、便于传播的传递性、深刻的隐喻性、鲜明的指向性、象征的稳定性五个特征,而秘传于气功修炼内部的具有鲜明先天医学属性的《修真图》与《内经图》,是道教内丹先哲探索人体生命奥秘和启迪后学的文化符号载体。解读此二图蕴含的深刻象征内涵,对于认知生命仍然具有良好的裨益作用。     

The use of illustration to improve older adults’ comprehension of health-related information: Is it helpful?

Objective

To examine whether explanatory illustrations can improve older adults’ comprehension of written health information.

Methods

Six short health-related texts were selected from websites and pamphlets. Young and older adults were randomly assigned to read health-related texts alone or texts accompanied by explanatory illustrations. Eye movements were recorded while reading. Word recognition, text comprehension, and comprehension of the illustrations were assessed after reading.

Results

Older adults performed as well as or better than young adults on the word recognition and text comprehension measures. However, older adults performed less well than young adults on the illustration comprehension measures. Analysis of readers’ eye movements showed that older adults spent more time reading illustration-related phrases and fixating on the illustrations than did young adults, yet had poorer comprehension of the illustrations.

Conclusion

Older adults might not benefit from text illustrations because illustrations can be difficult to integrate with the text.

Practice implications

Health practitioners should not assume that illustrations will increase older adults’ comprehension of health information.     

临床实习中加强图像教学与培养学生交流能力的探索

临床实习是医学生增加知识、增长技能、培养临床思维的一个重要阶段。医学生临床实习的质量与提高临床科室的教学质量有着密切的关系。我们在妇产科学临床实习中应用图像手段培养医学生的临床思维能力，实习前应用图像手段获得全面认识；实习中应用图解加强疾病的整体观念；实习结束后应用图像加强理论与实践结合。同时，结合妇产科临床工作，培养医学生的交流技巧，进行成功的医患沟通与交流，提高了临床实习的质量。