Soul City: a sustainable edutainment vehicle facilitating social change

This paper outlines the programming model employed by the Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication, a South African NGO, in using ‘edutainment’ to facilitate social change. The paper refers to the intersection of this model and current thought on health promotion and various social change theories. It also discusses key challenges and factors contributing to sustainability over 12 years.     

Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), represented by Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are associated with major morbidity in Western countries and with increasing incidence in the developing world. Although analysis of the genome of patients with IBD, especially through genome-wide association studies, has unraveled multiple pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis, only part of IBD heritability has been explained by genetic studies. This finding has revealed that environmental factors also play a major role in promoting intestinal inflammation, mostly through their effects in the composition of the microbiome. However, in order for microbial dysbiosis to result in uncontrolled intestinal inflammation, the intestinal barrier formed by intestinal epithelial cells and the innate immune system should also be compromised. Finally, activation of the immune system depends on the working balance between effector and regulatory cells present in the intestinal mucosa, which have also been found to be dysregulated in this patient population. Therefore, IBD pathogenesis is a result of the interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental impact on the microbiome that through a weakened intestinal barrier will lead to inappropriate intestinal immune activation. In this article, we will review the mechanisms proposed to cause IBD from the genetic, environmental, intestinal barrier, and immunologic perspectives.     

“两个规范”与ISO9001：2008及ISO／IEC17025：2005质量管理体系的融合

将《血站质量管理规范》、《血站实验室质量管理规范》与ISO9001：2008、ISO／1EC17025：2005质量管理体系进行融合,在兼顾各条款要素的同时,以要求较高的要素为主,建立了一体化的血站质量管理体系。     

In vitro evaluation of intestinal epithelial TLR activation in preventing food allergic responses

Alterations in the gut microbiota composition are associated with food allergy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) respond to microbial stimuli. We studied the effects of the ligation of TLRs on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in preventing an allergic effector response. IEC monolayers (T84 cells) were co-cultured with CD3/28-activated PBMCs from healthy controls or atopic patients and simultaneously apically exposed to TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9 ligands. The barrier integrity of T84 cell monolayers was significantly reduced upon co-culture with PBMCs of food allergic subjects compared to healthy subjects. Apical exposure of IECs to a TLR9 ligand prevented PBMC-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Using PBMCs from food allergic subjects, apical TLR9 activation on IECs increased the IFN-γ/IL-13 and IL-10/IL-13 ratio, while suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α production in an IEC-dependent manner. Hence, the activation of apical TLR9 on IECs, potentially by microbiota-derived signals, may play an important role in the prevention of allergic inflammation.     

血站实验室认可质量管理体系的建立和运行

目的探讨在血站建立和运行符合实验室认可标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》(ISO/ IEC17025)的质量管理体系程序。方法通过制定详细的认可计划,建立组织架构和配备必要的资源,进行全员培训,识别过程和编写质量管理体系文件,建立质量管理体系,并试运行。结果建立和运行了实验室认可质量管理体系,并获得中国实验室国家认可委员会颁发的认可证书。结论在血站建立和运行实验室认可质量管理体系是完全可行和必要的,可确保血液质量和安全。     

浅析ISO/IEC17025:2005

2005年5月15日,国际标准化组织(ISO)和国际电工委员会(IEC)联合发布了ISO/IEC17025:2005《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》,取代ISO/IEC17025:1999.CNAL依据等同采用ISO/IEC17025:2005原则,于2005年9月1日正式颁布实施《检测和校准实验室认可准则》(CNAL/AC01:2005),取代CNAL/AC01:2003《检测和校准实验室认可准则》(等同ISO/IEC17025:1999).     

应用CMMI探讨改进医疗器械软件研发流程

目的：将能力成熟度整合模型（Capability Maturity Model Integration，CMMI）的改进模式合理应用到以IEC62304作为依据标准的医疗器械软件开发中，改进和优化研发流程，提高软件过程能力。方法：分析两者的关系与接口问题。研究二者之间的兼容性和在实施层面上的匹配性。并以核心过程——安全与风险管理为例来进行实施。结果：得到了CMMI过程域和IEC62304的接口框架以及二者合理并用后在风险管理这个域中的优化流程。结论：医疗器械软件研发领域能够使用而且应该使用CMMI对其过程进行优化，从而提高软件过程能力。     

PET的成像质量、衰减和散射校正精度测试

目的：应用NEMA NU2-2001标准测试PET／CT的PET成像质量、衰减和散射校正精度性能指标。方法：采用NEMA IEC／2001PET人体体部模型，按照NEMA标准的测试方法，对PET成像质量和衰减和散射校正精度指标进行测试。结果：衰减和散射校正的精确性相对误差为0．25（n=4）和0．25（n=8）。结论：模型备置和测试数据分析处理比较复杂，严格按照放射活度比制备模型，认真仔细、甚至多次重复处理测试数据，该项测试才能获得准确结果。     

计划免疫IEC策略关键信息的制定

目的将正确的免疫接种知识与信息及时传递给当地群众,提高群众对计划免疫的认知水平。方法采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,完成计划免疫IEC关键信息的修改和制定。结果村民对计划免疫的知识了解甚少,传播主体之一的村干部对计划免疫关键信息基本能理解。在预试验过程中,根据目标人群的需求对6条关键信息进行了修改,修改后的关键信息适合传播主体的传播也能为受众接受。结论关键信息的制定要以目标人群的需求为基础,注意信息的科学性、传播主体对关键信息的理解程度及接受性,同时便于传播主体的传播。     

IEC在广播电视音像领域的建设、开发和利用

介绍了“IEC在广播电视领域的建设、开发和利用”项目的基本情况、内容、进展状况，并对项目开展中取得的成绩和不足进行了总结和分析。