Le surgissement de l'originaire et le « retrait hallucinatoire » dans les formes délirantes de l'éveil de coma

The clinical investigation of delirious and hallucinatory states during the awakening from a coma reveals hallucinated representations of a polymorphic nature. The diversity of their contents suggests the implication of differentiated etio-pathogenic processes. The assumption followed here, based on the conceptualizations of P. Aulagnier, is that the emergency care awakening traumatism causes a prevailing reinvestment of various operating modes, from the recovery of a “pictographic production” due to the abolition of conscience, to the fantastical scenario characterising primary education that remobilises and upsets the identity bearing layers in which the essential moments of the instinctual history were elaborated. These symptomatic constructions thus express this “in-more” generated by the psychotic processes which combine the double movement of a regression and of a “redeployment” of the traces of the Primal. This second period fulfils the paramount requirement of a primitive development of the coma awakening experience following the “postulate” of the dominance of the Primal according to which any psychic object is seen initially metabolized in a pictographic representation. The stratification noted within these dreamlike formations reveals: on the one hand modes of composition of images similar to those of the night dream; and on the other a deployment of various imagos of archaic states of the parcelled out body; and finally “psychic residues” that re-appear in the form of “parasitic” reminiscences, analysable as resurgences of psychic activities resulting from the coma phase. Thus a representation of the data of the Primal is then generated and although these data are psychic they remain forever heterogeneous and external to the Unconscious and to the I. The common clinical term which supports this analysis is “hallucinated feeling” which, according to Aulagnier, emerges sometimes within a schizophrenic patient which could be understood as equivalent to an autistic withdrawal which we suppose to be here at the heart of the deliriousness of the awakening from the coma. Thus the proposal that two etio-pathogenic logics are at work in these acute episodes: 1/ one that is initiated in a movement of decomposition of the I, due to the multiple traumatic effects of the primary affection and of the emergency care awakening process, balanced by the variations of the state of consciousness of the patient. At the time of this regression the projective mechanism, combined with other defences such as rejection or cleavage, reveals scenarios in the psychic space which mobilize images of the body and perceptive or mnemonic fragments. 2/ the other trajectory is comparable to this dynamics of the “withdrawal in the hallucination”. The re-establishment of the specific processes of the primary and secondary agencies imposes a requirement of specific psychic work consisting in metabolizing this resurgence of the pictographic representations that originate in the (quasi) nothing of the coma.     

精神分裂症患者幻听自我管理记录单的设计及应用

目的探讨精神分裂症患者幻听自我管理记录单的设计及应用效果。方法设计出的精神分裂症患者幻听自我管理记录单由表首、项目及备注3个部分组成。便利选取江苏省某三级甲等精神病医院成年精神科男女病房各2个,按性别采取抛硬币法随机抽出试验组和对照组各2个病房,从每个病房便利抽取2017年1月—2018年12月住院的20例患者,共抽取80例精神分裂症住院患者及其主要照顾者作为研究对象。试验组在对照组干预方法的基础上采用自行设计的精神分裂症幻听患者自我管理记录单,指导患者进行自我管理;对照组接受常规的药物治疗、幻听护理和管理。在干预前、干预后1个月、3个月、6个月时,比较两组的干预效果。结果试验组34例、对照组30例完成研究。干预前阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome,PANSS)(焦虑、紧张、先占观念3个条目)、冲动行为风险评估量表和服药依从性得分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预后试验组的PANSS(焦虑、紧张、先占观念3个条目)、冲动行为风险评估量表得分低于对照组,服药依从性得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且随着干...     

低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症幻听症状疗效的Meta分析

目的研究低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗精神分裂症幻听症状的疗效。方法计算机检索Pubmed、EMbase、Cochrane图书馆、CNKI、万方数据库、维普中文期刊数据库(VIP),收集1995-2014年2月关于rTMS治疗精神分裂症幻听症状的随机对照研究(RCTs)。主要研究指标为阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)的幻听评分及幻听评定量表(AHRS)。文献筛选、资料提取和方法学质量评价由两位研究者独立进行,以RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。结果 17篇RCTs满足纳入标准,共包括786名受试者。Meta分析结果显示,两组之间的PANSS的幻听评分比较,均数差为-1.10,95%CI为[-1.65,-0.54],差异有统计学意义(Z=3.89,P=0.0001);两组之间的AHRS比较,均数差为-3.89,95%CI为[-5.72,-2.06],差异有统计学意义[Z=4.17,P0.00001]。结论低频rTMS对精神分裂症的幻听症状有效。     

Symbolic and Anticipated: Winnicott's Attention to the Use of Black in the Consulting Room

This article addresses Donald Winnicott's consistent attention to the idea of black and blackness as manifested in his work in the consulting room from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It describes several very different pieces, published and unpublished, where the use of black is recorded in patients’ material and the different directions they open up: skin colour, psychoanalytic research, representations of trauma and serious disturbance. Both Winnicott and this article argue for caution in ascribing any fixed connotation to black and blackness while recognizing its importance across cultures and historical epochs. In one of the articles under discussion, ‘Hallucination and dehallucination’ (1957), Winnicott refers to two male patients drawing with black pencil and I have linked his discussion both to the more general area of modern art and artists who have been interested in black and to contemporary psychoanalytic interest in unrepresented states. I emphasize the complexity of the arenas opened up by Winnicott and argue for their historical importance.     

量子共振检测幻觉症状诊断价值的初步研究

目的 评价量子共振检测幻觉症状的诊断价值及量子医学对精神症状的诊断价值.方法 将精神科医师临床检查出的幻觉与量子共振检测结果进行了比较研究.结果 量子共振检测听幻觉具有较好的敏感度(97.6%)和准确度(89.0%),差异有显著性(x2=19.42,P<0.01).视幻觉差异无显著性(x2=0.89,P>0.05);味幻觉差异无显著性(x2=0.53,P>0.05);体感幻觉差异无显著性(x2=0.22,P>0.05).结论 量子共振检测仪将为幻听的早期发现和早期诊断提供新的依据,对精神分裂症辅助诊断具有重要的价值.     

麻醉所致性幻觉的机制及伦理学问题

分析医患关于麻醉后"性幻觉"与"性骚扰"之争的原因,并提出预防措施.方法:根据典型医患因"性幻觉"而产生的"性骚扰"纠纷事件,结合中、外相关文献回顾分析.结果:用有精神作用的药物镇静或麻醉后,出现"性幻觉"是一种并不罕见的并发症,易被患者误解为受到来自医生的"性骚扰"而引发医患纠纷.结论:临床医生必须清醒地意识到,麻醉后病人的确可产生性幻觉.为使自己免遭"性骚扰"讼争,切忌在没有第三人在场陪同的情况下对用了镇静或麻醉药的异性患者操作.     

Antoine Ritti (1844-1920), forgotten alienist and innovative theorist on the pathophysiology of hallucinations

Antoine Ritti (1844-1920), now forgotten, was an “alienist” or psychiatrist who formulated a theory of hallucination based on thalamic dysfunction, as described in his thesis defended in 1874. Ritti was a student of Jules Luys and used the anatomical-functional discoveries of his teacher to explain that an automatic activity in the thalamus, by stimulating the cortex without reception of sensory information, created autonomous representations, perceived by the patient but not by his entourage, a process occurring spontaneously to some degree. Hence, Ritti seems the first author to introduce the concept of sensory deprivation and release of subcortical function into the pathophysiology of hallucinations. This innovative theory, which gave subcortical structures a role in high-level cognitive function, is very resonant today but was ignored for several decades after Ritti published his work.     

L’importance du discours intérieur dans la sémiologie psychiatrique

ObjectivesEntangled in a semiology that aspires to imitate medical semiology, psychiatry does not take seriously enough the question of internal discourse, while many psychiatric phenomena relate to the articulation between internal discourse and external discourse.The intention of this article is to draw the attention of psychiatry to the issue of internal discourse, which is insufficiently addressed within the discipline. Psychiatric semiology should be more interested in and should approach this issue of internal discourse differently. For this, it could integrate the contribution of modern linguistics and rediscover Jacques Lacan's theory of language.MethodThe article first recalls the basic principles of psychiatric semiology based on the work of Lanteri-Laura, Henri Ey, and, more recently, that of Steeves Demazeux. He shows how psychiatry has moved from a classical semiology based on the body to that of mental faculties, more or less attached to bodies. The question of internal discourse does not find its place in these approaches.DiscussionHallucinations, delusions, obsessive and melancholy ruminations… All these phenomena are related to the question of inner speech. This does not mean that they are similar or should be approached in a comparable way.ConclusionHuman beings seem to be both speaking through their outwardly directed speech and partly spoken, through their internal speech. This must be taken into account not only from a semiological point of view but also when it comes to organizing care.