豚鼠内淋巴囊上皮细胞Na+,K+-ATP酶不同β亚基的mRNA表达

目的　进一步研究内淋巴囊上皮细胞Na ,K -ATP酶不同 β亚基的表达。方法　采用豚鼠内淋巴囊冰冻切片、原位杂交的方法检测Na ,K -ATP酶不同 β亚基mRNA在内淋巴囊上皮细胞中的表达。结果　在内淋巴囊上皮细胞胞浆内可见Na ,K -ATP酶不同 β亚基的阳性颗粒 ,β1亚基表达较弱 ,β2 亚基表达较强。结论　结合其他报道 ,内淋巴囊上皮细胞具有多种亚基异构体组成的Na ,K -ATP酶的表达 ,而结肠上皮、肾小管上皮的Na ,K -ATP酶几乎仅有α1β1型 ,提示其离子转运过程可能不同。     

A Comparative Evaluation of Disulfide-Linked and Hydrophobically-Modified PEI for Plasmid Delivery

Non-viral gene therapy has become an important approach for treatment of hereditary and acquired diseases as a result of better understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in disease development. To design more effective gene carriers, plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery to 293T cells was investigated by using two types of polymeric carriers; polymer constructed with disulfide (–S–S–) linkages and polymers modified with hydrophobic moieties. The base polymer used for this study was 2-kDa poly(ethylene imine) (PEI2), a relatively cell-compatible but ineffective gene carrier. The –S–S– linking was achieved via Michael addition reaction using cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA), whereas hydrophobic modification by N-acylation of PEI2 amines with palmitoyl chloride (PA). The cytotoxicity of the polymers was found to be lower than that of the 25-kDa branched PEI, but both types of modifications increased the toxicity of PEI2 to some extent. The polymers were able to form polyplexes with pDNA with variable hydrodynamic sizes (130–600 nm) and ζ-potential (3.6–20.9 mV). Based on the expression of the reporter gene Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP), disulfide linking significantly increased the efficiency of native PEI2, which was not effective on its own. The PA-modified PEI2 was also effective for gene delivery, but disulfide linkage of this polymer did not increase its efficiency any further. Our results showed that hydrophobic modification of 2-kDa PEI significantly improved its transfection efficiency but improvements in transfection efficiency as a result of disulfide linking was dependent on the nature of the polymeric building blocks.     

PEG- and PDMAEG-Graft-Modified Branched PEI as Novel Gene Vector: Synthesis,Characterization and Gene Transfection

The cytotoxicity of polyethylenimine (PEI) was a dominating obstacle to its application. Introduction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blocks to PEI is one of the strategies to alleviate the cytotoxocity of PEI. However, it is well known that the transfection efficiency of PEGylated PEI is decreased to some extent compared to the corresponding PEI. Thus, the aim of our study was to enhance the transfection efficiency of PEGylated PEI. A series of tri-block co-polymers, PEG-g-PEI-g-poly(dimethylaminoethyl L-glutamine) (PEG-g-PEI-g-PDMAEG), as novel vectors for gene therapy was synthesized and evaluated. PEG-g-PEI was first obtained by linking PEG and PEI using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as coupling reagent. The anionic co-polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (BLG-NCA) using PEG-g-PEI as a macro-initiator was carried out, followed by aminolysis with 2-dimethylaminoethylamine to obtain the target water-soluble tri-block co-polymer. The structures of the polymers were confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. The influence of the molecular weight of PEI and the length of the PDMAEG chain on the physicochemical properties and transfection activity of polymer/DNA was evaluated. All PEI derivates were revealed to compact plasmid DNA effectively to give polyplexes with suitable size (approx. 100 nm) and moderate zeta potentials (10–15 mV) at N/P ratios over 10. The PEG-g-PEI-g-PDMAEG tri-block co-polymers displayed particularly low cytotoxicity, even at high concentration, reflecting an improved safety profile compared to PEI 25k. Gene transfection efficiency of PEG-g-PEI-g-PDMAEG on HeLa in the presence and absence of serum was determined. Remarkably, the transfection activity of PEG-g-PEI (10k)-g-PDMAEG (PPP-4)/DNA polyplex formulations was nearly twofold higher than PEI 25k/DNA formulations in vitro, and the transfection efficiency was less affected by the presence of serum. These results indicated that the synthesized PEG-g-PEI-g-PDMAEG tri-block co-polymers are promising candidates as carriers for gene delivery.     

Functional evaluation of poly-(N-ρ-vinylbenzyl-O-β-Dgalactopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide)(PVLA) as a liver specific carrier

Hepatocytes express the specific C-type lectin, asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, on the surface to remove the ligand-bearing proteins from circulation. The specific expression and ligand specificity are thought to be the ideal characters for the target of drug or gene delivery. Various galactose-bearing molecules were synthesized for this purpose. However, the biological or functional interaction of these molecules with the ASGP receptor still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the functional ability of synthetic galactose polymer ligand, poly-(N-ρ-vinylbenzyl-O-β-Dgalactopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide) (PVLA), to interact with recombinant ASGP receptors using mouse ASGP receptor (mouse hepatic lectin; MHL) gene-transfected CHO cells. PVLA-coated beads bound to and were endocytosed by the whole (MHL-1/-2) ASGP receptor-expressing CHO cells like hepatocytes while PVMA (poly-(N-ρ-vinylbenzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide) did not. Interestingly, PVLA-coated beads were also endocytosed by either MHL-1 or MHL-2 alone expressing cells, which are known to be incapable of endocytosing natural ligands. In addition, the endocytosis of PVLA-coated beads by MHL-expressing CHO cells or primary hepatocytes was inhibited only by soluble PVLA but not by the same galactose molecular concentration of soluble asialofetuin. Furthermore, PVLA-coated beads were endocytosed by primary hepatocyte to a significantly higher degree than asialofetuin-coated beads in vitro. These results suggest that PVLA has higher affinity to the ASGP receptor than the natural ligands in blood. Consistently, it was demonstrated that intravenously injected FITC-labeled PVLA but not PVMA drastically accumulated in parenchymal cells of the liver in vivo. Taken together, PVLA exhibiting higher affinity with hepatocytes than natural ligands is thought to be an attractive and practical carrier-ligand for liver targeting.     

Novel Quaternized Chitosan and Polymeric Micelles With Cross-Linked Ionic Cores for Prolonged Release of Minocycline

Novel multifunctional octadecyl quaternized carboxymethyl chitosans (OQCMCs) with varying degree of quaternary substitution (DS) and molecular mass were prepared and compared with quaternized chitosan. OQCMCs exhibited excellent solubility both in water and organic solvents. Nanoparticles of OQCMCs offered many advantages, such as easier fabrication and modulation of their size and degree of positive charge, and a lower cytotoxic effect compared with PEI (25 kDa). DNA can be successfully adsorbed on its surface. Electrostatic attraction of carboxymethyl and quaternary groups in OQCMCs was utilized as micellar template for the synthesis of cross-linked micelles. Formation and characteristics of OQCMC polymeric micelles were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, tensiometry, SEM, TEM and particle size analysis. Self-assembled OQCMC micelles were evaluated as carrier of the lipophilic drug, minocycline hydrochloride (MH). MH was incorporated into cross-linked ionic cores of micelles with remarkably high efficiency (22.7%, w/w). MH-loaded OQCMC polymeric micelles exhibited a slow steady release profile over a 1-week period at 37°C. The OQCMC micelles are potentially useful for gene and lipophilic drug delivery applications.     

Novel Genetic Loci Control Calcium Absorption and Femur Bone Mass as Well as Their Response to Low Calcium Intake in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice

Low dietary calcium (Ca) intake during growth limits peak bone mass but physiological adaptation can prevent this adverse effect. To assess the genetic control on the physiologic response to dietary Ca restriction (RCR), we conducted a study in 51 BXD lines fed either 0.5% (basal) or 0.25% (low) Ca diets from ages 4 to 12 weeks (n = 8/line/diet). Ca absorption (CaAbs), femur bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) were examined. ANCOVA with body size as covariate was used to detect significant line and diet main effects, and line‐by‐diet interactions. Body size–corrected residuals were used for linkage mapping and to estimate heritability (h²). Loci controlling the phenotypes were identified using composite interval mapping on each diet and for the RCR. h² of basal phenotypes (0.37–0.43) and their RCR (0.32–0.38) was moderate. For each phenotype, we identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) on each diet and for the RCR. Several loci affected multiple traits: Chr 1 (88.3–90.6 cM, CaAbs, BMC), Chr 4 (45.8–49.2 cM, CaAbs, BMD, BMC), Chr 8 (28.6–31.6 cM, CaAbs, BMD, RCR), and Chr 15 (13.6–24 cM, BMD, BMC; 32.3–36 cM, CaAbs RCR, BMD). This suggests that gene clusters may regulate interdependent bone‐related phenotypes. Using in silico expression QTL (eQTL) mapping and bioinformatic tools, we identified novel candidates for the regulation of bone under Ca stress (Ext1, Deptor), and for the first time, we report genes modulating Ca absorption (Inadl, Sc4mol, Sh3rf1, and Dennd3), and both Ca and bone metabolism (Tceanc2, Tll1, and Aadat). Our data reveal gene‐by‐diet interactions and the existence of novel relationships between bone and Ca metabolism during growth. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.     

RNA干扰抑制EZH2基因表达对人胶质瘤细胞凋亡及对卡莫司汀敏感性的影响

目的观察RNA干扰技术抑制EZH2基因表达对人胶质瘤U251细胞凋亡及其对卡莫司汀敏感性的影响。方法针对EZH2 mRNA序列设计合成小干扰RNA（siRNA）的DNA模板,构建pRNAT-EZH2重组表达载体,并用其转染人胶质瘤U251细胞。用RT-PCR法检测pRNAT-EZH2转染前后U251细胞中内源性EZH2表达;激光共聚焦显微镜观察转染后及加入卡莫司汀后U251细胞凋亡情况;MTT法检测转染前后U251细胞对化疗药物卡莫司汀敏感性;用分光光度法检测转染前后以及加入卡莫司汀后U251细胞中Caspase-3活性。结果成功构建pRNAT-EZH2重组质粒,并成功转染U251细胞。pRNAT-EZH2重组质粒转染后U251细胞中EZH2 mRNA表达量降低（P〈0.01）;卡莫司汀组及卡莫司汀加pRNAT-EZH2组U251细胞凋亡明显;与卡莫司汀联合时,pRNAT-EZH2组U251细胞生长抑制率明显增高（P〈0.01）;Caspase-3活性明显高于空白对照组和阴性对照组（P均〈0.01）。结论pRNAT-EZH2可抑制EZH2在人胶质瘤U251细胞中的表达,并增强U251细胞对卡莫司汀敏感性。     

p53蛋白表达与乳癌预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨p５３蛋白表达在判断乳癌预后中的作用。方法 应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法染色检 测７３例乳癌,１２例乳腺良性增生性疾病及１０例正常乳腺组织的ｐ５３蛋白的表达。结果 ７３例乳腺组织均为阴性反应。ｐ５３蛋白的异常表达与肿瘤的分类、淋巴转移情况、术后复发及生存率均无相关性。结论 ｐ５３蛋白异常表达与乳癌预后无显著相关性。可能为乳癌的早期表现。     

高血压血瘀证血管紧张素转换酶基因插入或缺失的多态性分析

【目的】探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入或缺失(I/D)的多态性与原发性高血压血瘀证的关系。【方法】选择原发性高血压(EH)血瘀证组100例、非血瘀证组120例和正常对照组100例,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测ACE基因I/D多态性。【结果】高血压血瘀证组的DD基因型及D等位基因频率(分别为0.410和0.590)高于高血压非血瘀证组(分别为0.250和0.467)和正常对照组(分别为0.220和0.455)(P<0.05或P<0.01),高血压非血瘀证组与正常对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。【结论】ACE基因插入或缺失(I/D)多态性与血瘀证具有相关性,D等位基因可能是血瘀证的易感基因之一。     

Study of cellular responses to polymeric biomaterials using the differential display method

In this study, we attempted to detect altered gene expressions in the cells that had adhered to various surfaces using the differential display method. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and mouse fibroblast (L929) cells were cultured on the polymer films. After a predetermined time, the total RNA was isolated from cells and the differential mRNA expressions were evaluated by RT-PCR method. As a result, in the differential display of amplified cDNA from PEC, the different patterns of cDNA fragments among the samples were obtained. This indicates that there were many different mRNA expressions depending on the polymer surfaces. The use of differential method was proven to be useful for studying cell-polymer interaction.