玛咖保肝通便及调节肠道菌群的作用研究

目的：评价玛咖保肝通便以及对肠道菌群的调节作用,进一步挖掘玛咖的药用价值,为玛咖应用提供参考。方法：采用酒精性肝损伤（ALD）小鼠模型,测定肝功能、炎症介质及脂质过氧化指标,评价玛咖水提液的保肝作用;采用小鼠小肠蠕动抑制模型,测定墨汁推进率、小鼠血清中胃动素（MTL）和环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）的水平,评价玛咖水提液的通便作用;通过16S rDNA技术测定盲肠内容物的肠道菌群,对所得到数据进行生物信息学分析,评价玛咖水提液对肠道菌群的调节作用。结果：ALD小鼠模型中,与模型组比较,中剂量组小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）的活力明显下降（P<0.05）,低剂量组小鼠血清中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活力明显下降（P<0.05）,高剂量、低剂量能明显降低小鼠肝组织中炎症介质单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1)的含量（P<0.05或P<0.01）,高剂量、中剂量能明显抑制小鼠血清中炎症介质肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量（P<0.05或P<0.01）,高剂量、中剂量、低剂量能明显升高小鼠肝脏组织中谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量（P<0.05或P<0.01）;小鼠小肠蠕动抑制模型中,与模型组比较,玛咖水提液高剂量能明显增加小鼠小肠推进率（P<0.01或P<0.05）,中剂量组能明显增加小鼠血清中MTL的含量（P<0.05）,高剂量、中剂量组能降低cGMP水平。玛咖调节肠道菌群的研究显示,与空白组比较,在门水平上,玛咖水提液高剂量、中剂量、低剂量可减少厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的丰度;高剂量、低剂量可增加拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的丰度。在属水平上,玛咖水提液中剂量增加了乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）的丰度;中、低剂量增加了拟普雷沃菌属（Alloprevotella）的丰度,且高剂量、中剂量、低剂量剂量肠道微生物群落有显著性差异。代谢功能预测结果显示,与空白组比较,玛咖水提液高剂量、低剂量组RNA加工和修饰、细胞运动、细胞外结构、细胞骨架项降低,其他代谢功能升高;玛咖水提液中剂量组细胞运动、细胞骨架项降低,其他代谢功能升高。结论：玛咖水提液具有保肝、通便、调节肠道菌群的作用。     

重症婴幼儿龋患者口腔念珠菌与菌群的关系

目的:探讨重症婴幼儿龋患儿口腔念珠菌与菌群的关系.方法:选择2018年3月-2019年6月北京大学深圳医院治疗的重症婴幼儿龋患儿42例作为实验组,另选择来院进行口腔检查的无龋儿童40例作为对照组.分别采集各组患儿唾液、菌斑标本,进行微生物培养,将实验组组内分为白色念珠菌阴性、阳性患儿.通过高通量lllumina测序平台...     

溃疡性结肠炎患者肠道菌群的变化及其与IL-23/IL-17轴的关系

目的:探讨溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者肠道菌群分布和种类的变化及其与白细胞介素23(IL-23)/IL-17轴的关系。方法 :收集20例UC活动期患者和20例健康对照者的新鲜粪便标本,采用直接涂片镜检和传统细菌培养鉴定法分析菌群分布;利用real-time PCR检测菌群种类的变化;常规检测血红蛋白、白蛋白、血沉和C反应蛋白水平;经结肠镜活检取UC患者正常及病变肠黏膜组织,进行Mayo评分和Baron分级,HE染色观察组织病理变化;免疫组化及Western Blot观察IL-17和IL-23表达的改变。结果:(1)与对照组比,活动期UC患者菌群失调程度明显升高(P0.05);(2)需氧培养结果表明,活动期UC患者的大肠杆菌数量较正常人显著降低(P0.01),肠球菌数量明显增加(P0.01);厌氧培养结果发现,活动期UC患者的拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量较正常人显著减少(P0.01);(3)目标菌属定量分析表明,UC患者粪便中大肠杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌相对定量较正常人显著降低,肠球菌数量明显升高(P0.01);(4)与对照组相比,UC患者血红蛋白无明显改变,白蛋白明显降低(P0.05),血沉和C反应蛋白明显增高(P0.01);(5)UC患者Mayo评分显著升高(P0.01),Baron分级显著增加(P0.01),结肠组织病理改变明显(P0.01);(6)与对照组比较,UC患者表达丰富的IL-17和IL-23(P0.01);(7)相关性分析表明,IL-17和IL-23表达的平均吸光度与Baron分级(r=0.717,P=0.02;r=0.849,P=0.016)和病理组织学评分(r=0.660,P=0.030;r=0.675,P=0.032)呈正相关;同时,IL-23表达的平均吸光度与大肠杆菌数量呈明显负相关(r=-0.669,P=0.025),与肠球菌数量呈正相关(r=0.872,P=0.010),IL-17表达的平均灰度值与肠球菌数量呈正相关(r=0.764,P=0.046),但二者与其它目标菌属的数量无明显相关性。结论:活动期UC患者存在明显的肠道菌群失调,改变的细菌与患者炎症程度密切相关。IL-23/IL-17轴作为UC发生发展的关键因子,与肠道菌群含量的变化可能存在一定关联,其相互作用在UC的病理过程中起到重要作用。     

糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂对变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔黏液菌群的影响

目的：探讨糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂对儿童变应性鼻炎鼻腔黏液菌群的影响,并观察其临床疗效。方法选取我院门诊治疗的49例变应性鼻炎儿童患者作为治疗组,给予糠酸莫米松治疗,同时对其治疗前后鼻腔黏液的菌群分布情况进行检测,另设立48例未患变应性鼻炎的正常儿童为对照组进行比较。结果治疗组患者经糠酸莫米松治疗后鼻部症状、眼部症状、呼吸道症状评分均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后鼻部症状、眼部症状、呼吸道症状得分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。经检测发现,对照组病原菌检出率为91.7%,其中需氧菌和真菌各占82.4%和17.6%,而治疗组治疗前病原菌检出率为91.8%,需氧菌和真菌各占79.6%和20.4%,治疗后病原菌检出率为93.9%,其中需氧菌和真菌各占85.4%和14.6%,其中需氧菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌居首位,真菌则以曲霉菌居首位。但对照组与治疗组治疗前以及治疗组治疗前后比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论糠酸莫米松鼻喷雾剂治疗儿童变应性鼻炎对改善患儿的临床症状有较好效果,但对鼻腔黏液菌群不产生明显影响。     

肠道菌群与脑-肠-肾轴在慢性肾病中的研究进展

随着慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)发病率不断增加,肾病已成为全球性重大公共卫生问题之一。据2017世界肾脏大会发布的最新全球肾病健康报告显示,全球每10人当中就有1人患有肾脏疾病[1]。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,慢性肾病患者中存在肠道菌群失调及肠道屏障功能受损的情况,且慢性肾病患者比非慢性肾病患者有更高的患痴呆和认知障碍的风险。本文就肠道菌群和脑-肠-肾轴在慢性肾脏疾病中的作用做一综述,希望通过调节肠道菌群作为靶点,来延缓慢性肾脏病及其并发症的进展。     

21世纪的现代本草新篇章——《中国药用植物志》

《中国药用植物志》是北京大学药学院艾铁民教授牵头主编的国家重点图书及重大出版项目,该书从分类、化学、药理与药材应用等多个方面对中国药用植物类群的最新研究进展进行了系统的梳理与总结,同时提供了丰富的图片与文献资源,对天然药物与药用植物领域的教育教学、研究应用具有重要的学术参考价值。该书在内容的系统性与专业性、形式的丰富与实用性、学术研究与术语考订的严谨性方面均表现出了突出的创新性特点,是一部高质量的学术巨著。     

紫癜性肾炎患儿肠道菌群变化及临床意义研究

背景目前国内外关于过敏性紫癜（HSP）患儿肠道菌群变化的研究数量有限,且尚未见关于紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿疾病早期肠道菌群变化的相关报道。目的 探讨HSPN患儿肠道菌群的变化及其在疾病发生、发展中的作用。方法 于2019年7—9月选取郑州大学第一附属医院儿科收治的37例HSP初治患儿作为试验组,另外同时选取12例健康志愿儿童作为对照组;并对HSPN患儿随访6个月,根据有无肾损伤进一步分为无肾损伤试验亚组13例和肾损伤试验亚组24例。收集HSP患儿与健康儿童的一般资料及粪便标本,应用高通量测序技术对所有研究对象的肠道菌群进行测序及分析,采用Alpha多样性（Shannon指数、Chao1指数、ACE指数）分析探讨样本内的微生物群落的丰度和多样性,通过主坐标分析（PCoA）来探究不同组别间群落结构的差异,利用线性判别分析及影响因子（LEfSe）分析找到组间差异显著的物种。结果 Alpha多样性分析显示,三组研究对象Shannon指数、Chao1指数、ACE指数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PCoA显示,三组研究对象肠道菌群群落结构均有差异（P<0.05）;Adon...     

Anogenital bacteriology in non-abused preschool children: a descriptive study of the aerobic genital flora and the isolation of anogenital Gardnerella vaginalis

The purpose of the study is to describe the genital aerobic bacterial flora including Gardnerella vaginalis in girls and the occurrence of anal G. vaginalis in both genders. From a group of 3773 children, 278 (99 boys and 179 girls) with a mean age of 5.63 y (range: 5.13-6.73) were recruited. Inclusion in the study was based on self-selection, whereby parents who did not suspect any occurrence of sexual abuse of their child gave informed consent to participate. Several mechanisms were undertaken to exclude abused children. At least one bacterial species was isolated from the genitals of 59 (33.9%) girls. Most isolates (39 out of 99) were bacteria representing skin flora (staphylococci and coryneform organisms), with viridans streptococci and related organisms as the second most common group of isolates (31 out of 99). S. anginosus was the single most frequent bacterial species identified (17 isolates). Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from the genitals of two girls, Streptococcus pneumoniae from one girl and Haemophilus influenzae from eight girls. G. vaginalis was not isolated from the genitals in any girl, but the organism was isolated from the anal canal in three children.

Conclusion: A large number of different aerobic organisms were identified from the genital area. G. vaginalis was rare and only isolated from the anal canal.     

紫花地丁水煎剂对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的：研究紫花地丁水煎剂对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法：应用林可霉素灌胃建立小鼠肠道菌群失调模型,然后应用紫花地丁水煎剂进行治疗,同时设正常、阳性对照及自然恢复组,于给药6d后迫使小鼠排便,进行肠道菌群检测。结果：林可霉素灌胃3d后,小鼠肠道双歧杆菌、肠球菌、乳酸杆菌、肠杆菌显著下降。持续6d治疗后,上述菌量明显上升。结论：紫花地丁水煎剂能促进正常菌群生长。     

Thymocytes, pre-B cells, and organ changes in a mouse model of chronic ethanol ingestion--absence of subset-specific glucocorticoid-induced immune cell loss

BACKGROUND: The well-known immune deficiency of the chronic alcoholic dictates the need for a long-term rodent ethanol administration model to evaluate the baseline immunologic effects of chronic ethanol abuse, and investigate the genetic determinants of those effects. Much published work with rodents has shown clearly that acute ethanol administration and short-term ethanol-containing liquid diets both cause elevated corticosterone and can cause significant thymocyte, pre-B cell and peripheral lymphocyte losses. Such losses may mask more subtle alterations in immune homeostasis, and in any case are generally short-lived compared with the span of chronic ethanol abuse. Thus, it is important to have a model in which long-term immune alterations can be studied free of corticosteroid-induced cell losses. METHODS: We have utilized chronic 20% (w/v) ethanol in water administration to several mouse strains for prolonged periods of time and evaluated serum corticosterone, immunologic stress parameters, and other organ changes by standard methods. RESULTS: We now confirm earlier reports that chronic ethanol in water administration to mice does not produce net elevations of corticosterone, although diurnal variation is altered. Importantly, there is neither selective loss of immune cell populations known to be corticosteroid sensitive, CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and pre-B cells, nor are changes observed in the histologic appearance of the thymus. Nonetheless, there are significant chronic ethanol effects in other tissues, including reduced heart weight, mild hepatic steatosis, alterations of gut flora, increased serum peptidoglycan, and as published elsewhere, immune system abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: This model of ethanol administration is convenient, sustainable for up to 1 year, demonstrably feasible in several mouse strains, permits good weight gains in most strains, and results in significant changes in a number of organs. The administration method also will permit modeling of long-term steady abuse punctuated by major binges, and is suitable for supplementation studies using water soluble additives. Overall, the method is useful for a wide range of studies requiring a chronic low-stress method of ethanol administration.