A High Order Bound Preserving Finite Difference Linear Scheme for Incompressible Flows

We propose a high order finite difference linear scheme combined with a high order bound preserving maximum-principle-preserving (MPP) flux limiter to solve the incompressible flow system. For such problem with highly oscillatory structure but not strong shocks, our approach seems to be less dissipative and much less costly than a WENO type scheme, and has high resolution due to a Hermite reconstruction. Spurious numerical oscillations can be controlled by the weak MPP flux limiter. Numerical tests are performed for the Vlasov-Poisson system, the 2D guiding-center model and the incompressible Euler system. The comparison between the linear and WENO type schemes, with and without the MPP flux limiter, will demonstrate the good performance of our proposed approach.     

Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Prediction Using Finite Elements

Abstract Background and Aim: The prediction of soft tissue esthetics is important for achieving an optimal esthetic outcome in orthodontic treatment planning. Applicable procedures have so far been restricted to two-dimensional profile predictions that have not proven to be very reliable. The goal of this investigation was therefore to develop a novel finite element-based procedure that allows a three-dimensional, easily visualized, quantitative analysis and prediction of soft tissue behavior for the clinician. The procedure to be developed should be easy to handle and not entail any additional radiation exposure for the patient. Material and Methods: Using a three-dimensional scanner, the facial surfaces of 20 probands were digitalized and individual FEM models were generated. Results: After reduction of data redundancy via several conversion steps, a patient-specific simulation model was prepared consisting of 20,000 to 40,000 individual elements to which specific physical properties could be assigned. The average time required for generating a virtual model was 50 minutes. Problems occurring during model generation were rare (mainly shadowing phenomena and movement artifacts). Conclusion: The procedure outlined herein makes the reliable generation of patient-specific simulation models possible for facial soft tissue prediction in orthodontics.     

铰链式冠外附着体的结构强度分析

目的探讨铰链式冠外附着体设计的合理性.方法采用有限元应力分析的实验方法,分析铰链式冠外附着体阳性结构L形球体的应力分布情况,对其结构强度进行测试.结果在附着体阳性结构L形球体的转角处应力最大,应力值为321.847MPa.结论该铰链式附着体的结构强度符合临床设计要求.     

Experimentelle und klinische Studie zur Stabilit?t einer Osteosyntheseplatte für den atrophen Unterkiefer

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Der Anteil an älteren Patienten steigt ständig und damit auch die Zahl traumatischer altersbedingter Verletzungen wie Frakturen des Unterkiefers. Die Frakturversorgung bei älteren Menschen stellt spezielle Anforderungen. Durch das Design einer neu entwickelten Osteosyntheseplatte sollte versucht werden, diese speziellen Gesichtspunkte zu erfüllen.Material und Methoden Im Gegensatz zu den 2.0-Miniplatten (Medartis AG, Basel) besitzt die Pencilbone-2.0-Platte, die aus diesen Miniplatten entwickelt wurde, einen oval geformten Mittelsteg zur Stabilisierung des frakturnahen Knochens und zwei sphärische Gleitlöcher jenseits der Fraktur. An den verstärkten Teil der Osteosyntheseplatte schließen sich jeweils 2 bzw. 3 normale unverstärkte Löcher an, die sich sehr leicht an den frakturfernen Knochen adaptieren lassen. Dies ermöglicht dem Operateur den intraoralen Zugangsweg und eine Handhabung, welche er von der Miniplattenosteosynthese gewohnt ist, bietet aber gleichzeitig eine höhere Stabilität im Vergleich mit den Standard-2.0.-Miniplatten.Ergebnisse und Diskussion Nach experimentellen und biomechanischen Untersuchungen, die alle positive Ergebnisse zeigten, wurde die neue Platte zwischen Oktober 2000 und November 2001 in zwei Kliniken an 16 Frakturen des atrophischen Unterkiefers bei 14 Patienten erfolgreich angewendet. 15 Frakturen heilten primär, lediglich bei einer Fraktur wurde eine neue operative Versorgung wegen Knochendislokation nach erneutem Sturz notwendig.     

额、枕部直接冲击导致中脑损伤的力学机制研究

目的分析额、枕部直接冲击造成中脑应力响应,探讨颅脑直接冲击导致脑干损伤的力学机制。方法构建头颅三维有限元模型,模拟计算额、枕部直接冲击损伤,分析中脑上、下交界面节点应力分布,总结中脑应力响应。结果中脑-间脑界面在冲击初始阶段,2ms即出现应力增高,中脑-桥脑界面应力升高开始于冲击后期(10ms),两交界面节点应力在冲击时程中均持续升高,额部冲击比枕部冲击在中-间脑界面造成的应力峰值高。结论中脑在颅脑直接冲击伤的致伤机制中占有突出地位,中脑的应力改变可解释脑震荡的意识障碍及部分原发脑干伤的临床表现。     

足骨三维有限元模型对足跖骨缺损重建的指导意义

目的用足骨有限元模型模拟、分析多跖骨缺损对足弓的影响,同时,对临床采用带血管自体骨重建后足的功能进行评价。方法在足骼骨三维模型上模拟出胫侧组、腓侧组跖骨正常和缺损不同情况,以有限元法计算足弓应力和位移的改变;并结合临床评价采用自体骨重建后足位移及应力恢复数据和结果。结果多跖骨缺损后,其有限元模型显示:足弓应力和位移发生明显改变,对足功能影响较大,髂骨重建后,足弓及足支撑点恢复,有限元模拟结果及临床随访效果满意。结论通过足骨有限元模型分析,我们认为:前足损伤致足多跖骨缺损临床上应予重建修复,恢复足的三点支撑和足弓。采用带血管游离自体骨加皮瓣组合移植是较为理想的手术方式。     

The influence of support conditions in the loading fixture on failure mechanisms in the push-out test: a finite element study

The usefulness of the push-out test as an indicator of interface strength was evaluated using finite element models of intact and partially failed cylindrical push-out specimens loaded against a rigid annular support. The irregular stress distributions that were found in intact specimens depended more on interface conditions at the loading fixture than on a 35% increase in interface area. The maximum stress at the interface was a tensile stress. Critical energy release rates for interface failure were calculated for flawed specimens in which flaw size was either 10 or 100 microns, and for boundary conditions at the loading fixture that were either fixed or slipping in the radial direction. The critical energy release rates depended heavily on the support boundary conditions. Thus, the results of parametric push-out tests can be reasonably compared only for specimens that are very similar in geometry and that are loaded in very carefully controlled fixtures.     

下颌骨骨折坚固内固定应力遮挡的三维有限元分析

目的 :运用有限元法分析下颌骨功能状态下及坚固内固定时的应力分布 ,探讨可能发生的应力遮挡作用 ,为下颌骨骨折的治疗提供参考。方法 :对下颌骨体部骨折在骨愈合的不同时期及采用不同的内固定方法固定时的应力分布进行有限元法分析 ,计算各种工况下的应力遮挡率。结果 :骨折愈合的早期 ,单、双钢板固定时的应力遮挡率分别为98.90 %、99.63 % ,钛板为98.65%、99.58 % ;骨折愈合的中期 ,单、双钢板固定时的应力遮挡率分别为6.8%、22.96 % ,钛板为5.12 %、20.99 % ;骨折愈合的后期 ,单、双钢板固定时的应力遮挡率分别为5.73 %、14.14 % ,钛板为4.47 %、13.71 %。结论 :小型接骨板用于下颌骨体部骨折坚固内固定时 ,在骨折愈合的各个时期均存在明显的应力遮挡作用 ;钢板的应力遮挡作用大于钛板 ;接骨板固定位置的选择对骨断层的应力分布有重要的影响。     

Kubicek每搏心输出量计算公式的三维有限元仿真研究

我们从 Kubicek模型三维有限元仿真的角度对 Kubicek每搏心输出量计算公式的临床应用价值进行了研究。在计算机仿真研究中 ,我们对比了模型仿真结果、具体采用 Kubicek每搏心输出量计算公式所得结果以及所设模型的理论计算结果。仿真结果表明 :模型中阻抗改变与主动脉中血液容积改变之间存在着近似的线性关系 ,证明了 Kubicek每搏心输出量计算公式具有一定的临床应用价值 ,同时也为心阻抗血流图基础理论提供了新的研究途径。     

Finite-element models of the human head

A review is presented of the existing finite-element (FE) models for the biomechanics of human head injury. Finite element analysis can be an important tool in describing the injury biomechanics of the human head. Complex geometric and material properties pose challenges to FE modelling. Various assumptions and simplifications are made in model development that require experimental validation. More recent models incorporate anatomic details with higher precision. The cervical vertebral column and spinal cord are included. Model results have been more qualitative than quantitative owing to the lack of adequate experimental validation. Advances include transient stress distribution in the brain tissue, frequency responses, effects of boundary conditions, pressure release mechanism of the foramen magnum and the spinal cord, verification of rotation and cavitation theories of brain injury, and protective effects of helmets. These theoretical results provide a basic understanding of the internal biomechanical responses of the head under various dynamic loading conditions. Basic experimental research is still needed to determine more accurate material properties and injury tolerance criteria, so that FE models can fully exercise their analytical and predictive power for the study and prevention of human head injury.