Morphological,Functional, and Tissue Characterization of Silent Myocardial Involvement in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis

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High plasma microfibrillar-associated protein 4 is associated with reduced surgical repair in abdominal aortic aneurysms

ObjectiveIdentifying biomarkers for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) could prove beneficial in prognosis of AAA and thus the selection for treatment. Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is an extracellular matrix protein that is highly expressed in aorta. MFAP4 is involved in several tissue remodeling-related diseases. We aimed to investigate the potential role of plasma MFAP4 (pMFAP4) as a biomarker of AAA.MethodsPlasma samples and data were obtained for 504 male AAA patients and 188 controls in the Viborg Vascular (VIVA) screening trial. The pMFAP4 levels were measured by Alphalisa. The Mann-Whitney U test assessed differences in pMFAP4 levels between the presence and absence of different exposures of interest. The correlation between pMFAP4 and aorta growth rate were investigated through spearman's correlation analysis. Immunohistochemistry and multiple logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders assessed the association between pMFAP4 and AAA. Multiple linear regression assessed the correlation between pMFAP4 and aorta growth rate. Cox regression and competing risk regression were used to investigate the correlation between AAA patients with upper tertile pMFAP4 and the risk of undergoing later surgical repair.ResultsA significant negative correlation between pMFAP4 and aorta growth rate was observed using spearman's correlation analysis (ρ = −0.14; P = .0074). However, this finding did not reach significance when applying multiple linear regression. A tendency of decreased pMFAP4 was observed in AAA using immunohistochemistry. Competing risk regression adjusted for potential confounders indicated that patients with upper tertile pMFAP4 had a hazard ratio of 0.51 (P = .001) for risk of undergoing later surgical repair.ConclusionsHigh levels of pMFAP4 are associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving surgical repair in AAA. This observation warrants confirmation in an independent cohort.     

慢性强迫游泳应激对大鼠情绪和脑细胞外信号调节激酶磷酸化水平的影响

目的探讨慢性强迫游泳应激对大鼠情绪和脑细胞外信号调节激酶磷酸化(P-ERK1/2)水平的影响。方法将30只SD雄性大鼠随机分为游泳应激组、装置对照组和空白对照组,每组10只。游泳应激组每天接受5min的游泳应激,装置对照组每天接受5min的新异场景应激,均连续14 d,空白对照组不进行任何干预,然后观察大鼠行为(体质量增长量、旷场测验和糖精水溶液偏好测验)。采用免疫印迹法测定大鼠海马和前额叶皮质的P-ERK1/2。结果(1)游泳应激组在应激7d和应激14d的体质量增长[分别为(75±22)g和(70±24)g]均低于空白对照组[分别为(101±35)g和(115+47)g],均P＜0.05。(2)装置对照组的粪便排泄量[(1.4±1.9)粒]多于空白对照组[(0.4±1.0)粒]和游泳应激组[(0.1±0.3)粒],均P＜0.05；而游泳应激组的水平活动距离[(2077±1245)cm]少于空白对照组[(2990±1038)cm]和装置对照组[(3110±1462)cm],均P＜0.05。(3)游泳应激组的糖精水溶液摄入量[(11±6)g]和糖精水溶液摄入量占总液体摄入量的比例[(37±16)％]均低于空白对照组[分别为(15±4)g和(47±15)％],均P＜0.05。(4)游泳应激组在海马[(46±95)％]和前额叶皮质[(65±24)％]的P-ERK2水平均低于空白对照组[分别为(76±30)%和(99±42)%],均P＜0．05。结论慢性强迫游泳应激能诱发大鼠的抑郁情绪,降低P-ERK2在海马和前额叶皮质的水平。     

异丙酚对小鼠海马脑片细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1/2磷酸化水平的影响

目的 观察异丙酚对小鼠海马脑片细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1／2磷酸化水平的影响。方法BALB／C小鼠，体重18～22g，雌雄不拘，迅速断头取脑，取海马用震动切片机切成450μm厚的脑片。量效实验随机将脑片分为空白对照组（C组）及不同浓度异丙酚组[10^-4mmol／L（P1组）、10^-5mmol／L（P2组）、10^-6mmol／L（P3组）、10^-7mmol／L（P4组）、10^-8mmol／L（P5组）、10^-8mmol／L（P6组）]；分别以不同浓度的异丙酚36℃恒温孵育海马脑片1h。时效实验应用5μmol／L异丙酚孵育脑片，分别于孵育即刻、1、2、5、7、9、12、15、30、60min取出脑片；取5μmol／L异丙酚孵育5min后的部分脑片，以人工脑脊液洗出异丙酚，分别于洗出2、4、7、10、25min取出脑片。应用SDS-PAGE和Westem blot生化技术及Gel Doc凝胶成像系统半定量检测小鼠海马p-ERKI／2水平。结果 异丙酚能降低ERK1／2磷酸化水平，降低呈时间、浓度依赖性（P〈0．05）。随异丙酚孵育5min后洗出时间延长，ERK1／2的磷酸化水平逐渐恢复，但洗出25min时仍明显低于药物处理前水平（P〈0．01）。结论 异丙酚能显著地抑制小鼠海马脑片细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1／2磷酸化水平。     

An analysis of astrocytic cell lines with different abilities to promote axon growth

The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) lacks the capacity to support axonal regeneration. There is increasing evidence to suggest that astrocytes, the major glial population in the CNS, may possess both axon-growth promoting and axon-growth inhibitory properties and the latter may contribute to the poor regenerative capacity of the CNS. In order to examine the molecular differences between axon-growth permissive and axon-growth inhibitory astrocytes, a panel of astrocyte cell lines exhibiting a range of axon-growth promoting properties was generated and analysed. No clear correlation was found between the axon-growth promoting properties of these astrocyte cell lines with: (i) the expression of known neurite-outgrowth promoting molecules such as laminin, fibronectin andN-cadherin; (ii) the expression of known inhibitory molecules such tenascin and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan; (iii) plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity; and (iv) growth cone collapsing activity. EM studies on aggregates formed from astrocyte cell lines, however, revealed the presence of an abundance of extracellular matrix material associated with the more inhibitory astrocyte cell lines. When matrix deposited by astrocyte cell lines was assessed for axon-growth promoting activity, matrix from permissive lines was found to be a good substrate, whereas matrix from the inhibitory astrocyte lines was a poor substrate for neuritic growth. Our findings, taken together, suggest that the functional differences between the permissive and the inhibitory astrocyte cell lines reside largely with the ECM.     

Responses of CDKs and p53 in Delayed Ischemic Neuronal Death

Stroke is a debilitating disease that affects millions each year.While in many cases cerebral ischemic in jury can be limited by effectivw resuscitation or thrombolytic treatment,the injured neurons wither in a process known as delayed neuronal death(DND).Mounting evidence indicates that DND is not simply necrosis played out in slow motion but apoptosis is triggered.Of particular interest are two groups of signal proteins that participate in apoptosis-cyclin dependent kinases(CDKs) and p53-among a myriad of signaling events after an ischemic insult.Recent investigations have shown that CDKs,a family of enzymes initially known for their role in cell cycle regulation,are activated in injured neurons in DND.As for p53,new reports suggest that its up-regulation may represent a failed attempt to rescue in jured neurons,although its up-regulation was previously considered an indication of apoptosis.These observations thus rekindle an old quest to identify new neuroprotective targets to minimize the stroke damage.In this review,the author will examine the evidence that indicates the participation of CDKs and p53 in DND and then introduce pre-clinical data to explore CDK inhibition as a potential neuroprotective target.Finally,using CDK inhibition as an example,this paper will discuss the pertinent criteria for a viable neuroprotective strategy for ischemic in jury.     

重组人血小板源性生长因子增加细胞外信号调节激酶磷酸化促进糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合

目的 在体观察重组人血小板源性生长因子（recombinant human platelet—derived growth factor，rhPDGF）促进糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面修复可能涉及的细胞和分子机制，研究其可能涉及的信号通路。方法 26只糖尿病大鼠，每只动物背部制备4个全层皮肤缺损创面，选取其中52个创面，随机分成3组，即对照组，创面自然愈合；rhPDGF治疗组，创面rhPDGF用量为7．0μg／cm^2；赋形剂组，创面用等量赋形剂凝胶。观察治疗后3、7和14d创面肉芽形成、胶原沉积、再上皮化速率以及炎性细胞浸润情况，并采用免疫荧光和免疫组织化学技术观察创面周围和创面修复细胞内细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（extracellular signal—regulated kinase1／2，ERK1／2）磷酸化和增殖细胞核抗原（proliferative cell nuclear antigen，PCNA）的表达。结果 组织学观察，rhPDGF治疗组创面可见大量炎性细胞浸润，毛细血管胚芽及成纤维细胞明显多于另两组（P〈0．05）；胶原沉积明显，肉芽组织生长活跃，创面收缩显著，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。免疫学研究显示，应用rhPDGF7～14d后，rhPDGF治疗组ERK1／2明显强于对照组和赋形剂组（P〈0．05）；且损伤后3～7d rhPDGF治疗组修复细胞PCNA的表达明显高于对照组和赋形剂组（P〈0．05）。结论 rhPDGF促糖尿病大鼠刨面愈合的作用部分是通过ERK1／2信号通路的磷酸化来完成的。     

热休克蛋白90对大鼠缺氧心肌细胞丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的探讨内源性热休克蛋白90（HSP90）在缺氧心肌细胞丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶（AKT）相关信号通路中的作用。方法建立新生Wistar大鼠心肌细胞缺氧模型，将细胞分为正常组、缺氧组、加入HSP90特异性阻断剂格尔德霉素后再缺氧组（格尔德霉素＋缺氧组）。于缺氧后1、3、6、12、24、48h用噻唑蓝法检测心肌细胞的活力；缺氧24h，原位缺口末端标记法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数（AI）；缺氧1、3、6、12、24h，蛋白质印迹法检测大鼠心肌细胞中内源性HSP90及AKT表达水平。结果（1）缺氧24、48h，缺氧组、格尔德霉素＋缺氧组细胞活力均较正常组明显下降（P〈0．05）；格尔德霉素＋缺氧组细胞活力缺氧12h即开始明显下降，缺氧48h时明显低于缺氧组（P〈0．05）。（2）缺氧24h，缺氧组细胞AI为（10．7±1．2）％，明显高于正常组[（1．9±0．3）％．P〈0．05]；格尔德霉素＋缺氧组细胞AI为（26、3±5．3）％，明显高于缺氧组（P〈0．01）。（3）缺氧12h，缺氧组心肌细胞内源性HSP90及AKT表达水平高于正常组与格尔德霉素＋缺氧组；缺氧24h，缺氧组有所下降．格尔德霉素＋缺氧组则下降更明显。结论内源性HSP90对维持心肌细胞的活力有重要作用．缺氧心肌细胞AKT表达水平可受内源性HSP90表达水平的影响。