汕头市礐石风景区及其周边地区蚊虫种类及生境调查（Diptera：Culicidae）

对汕头市主要旅游景点     

蚊科系统发育关系重建研究进展

该文综述了依据形态和分子特征重建蚊科各阶元系统发育关系的研究现状,并分析了该领域研究存在的问题以及未来研究的方向.以形态特征为依据的系统发育关系重建,仅在蚊科部分类群中有探讨,按蚊亚科研究较多.以分子特征为依据的研究,尚在起步阶段.应用系统基因组学重建蚊科系统发育关系应是未来研究的方向.     

Ammonium transporter expression in sperm of the disease vector Aedes aegypti mosquito influences male fertility

The ammonium transporter (AMT)/methylammonium permease (MEP)/Rhesus glycoprotein (Rh) family of ammonia (NH₃/NH₄⁺) transporters has been identified in organisms from all domains of life. In animals, fundamental roles for AMT and Rh proteins in the specific transport of ammonia across biological membranes to mitigate ammonia toxicity and aid in osmoregulation, acid–base balance, and excretion have been well documented. Here, we observed enriched Amt (AeAmt1) mRNA levels within reproductive organs of the arboviral vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti, prompting us to explore the role of AMTs in reproduction. We show that AeAmt1 is localized to sperm flagella during all stages of spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis in male testes. AeAmt1 expression in sperm flagella persists in spermatozoa that navigate the female reproductive tract following insemination and are stored within the spermathecae, as well as throughout sperm migration along the spermathecal ducts during ovulation to fertilize the descending egg. We demonstrate that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated AeAmt1 protein knockdown leads to significant reductions (∼40%) of spermatozoa stored in seminal vesicles of males, resulting in decreased egg viability when these males inseminate nonmated females. We suggest that AeAmt1 function in spermatozoa is to protect against ammonia toxicity based on our observations of high NH₄⁺ levels in the densely packed spermathecae of mated females. The presence of AMT proteins, in addition to Rh proteins, across insect taxa may indicate a conserved function for AMTs in sperm viability and reproduction in general.

Ammonium transporters (AMTs), methylammonium permeases (MEPs), and Rhesus glycoproteins (Rh proteins) comprise a protein family with three clades, and homologs from each have been identified in virtually all domains of life (1). AMT proteins were first identified in plants (2) with the simultaneous discovery of MEP proteins in fungi (3), followed by Rh proteins in humans (4). Ammonia (NH₃/NH₄⁺) is vital for growth in plants and microorganisms and is retained in some animals for use as an osmolyte (5, 6), for buoyancy (7, 8), and for those lacking sufficient dietary nitrogen (9). In the majority of animals, however, ammonia is the toxic by-product of amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism and, accordingly, requires efficient mechanisms for its regulation, transport, and excretion (10–13). AMT, MEP, and Rh proteins are responsible for the selective movement of ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium (NH₄⁺) across biological membranes, a process that all organisms require. Unlike their vertebrate, bacterial, and fungal counterparts which function as putative NH₃ gas channels (14–18), a myriad of evidence suggests that plant AMT proteins and closely related members in some animals are functionally distinct and facilitate electrogenic ammonium (NH₄⁺) transport (17, 19–22). In contrast to vertebrates which only possess Rh proteins (23), many invertebrates are unique in that they express both AMT and Rh proteins, sometimes in the same cell (24–28). Among insects, the presence of both AMT and Rh proteins has been described in Drosophila melanogaster (29, 30) and mosquitoes that vector disease-causing pathogens, Anopheles gambiae (22, 31) and Aedes aegypti (32, 33). It is unclear whether, in these instances, AMT and Rh proteins can functionally substitute for one another, but in the anal papillae of A. aegypti larvae, knockdown of either Amt or Rh proteins causes decreases in ammonia transport, suggesting that they do not (32–34). To date, studies on ammonia transporter (AMT and Rh) function in insects have focused on ammonia sensing and tasting in sensory structures (22, 30, 31, 35), ammonia detoxification and acid–base balance in muscle, digestive, and excretory organs (15, 36), and ammonia excretion in a variety of organs involved in ion and water homeostasis (9, 24, 32–34).A. aegypti is the primary vector for the transmission of the human arboviral diseases Zika, yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue virus, which are of global health concern due to rapid increases in the geographical distribution of this species, presently at its highest ever (37, 38). In light of the well-documented evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes (39–42), more recent methods to control disease transmission such as the sterile insect technique (43), transinfection and sterilization of mosquitoes with the bacterium Wolbachia (44), and targeted genome editing rendering adult males sterile (45) have proven effective. These methods take advantage of various aspects of mosquito reproductive biology; however, an understanding of male reproductive biology and the male contributions to female reproductive processes is still in its infancy (46). Here, we describe the expression of an A. aegypti ammonium transporter (AeAmt1) in the sperm during all stages of spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis, and egg fertilization, which is critical for fertility.     

“三江并流”自然遗产地怒江流域居民区蚊类多样性的空间分布格局

山地居民区村镇及其周边农耕区是一类长期在人为开发利用和干扰下,常见但又与周围山区自然状况不同的人文生态系统或地理景观。为探索我国西南山地居民区蚊类多样性空间分布规律与区系特征,作者于2006年7～8月间应用灯诱法对滇西北＂三江并流＂自然遗产地中的怒江中上游流域北纬25°00′～28°30′和海拔800～2000m之间共20个山地居民区的蚊类多样性进行了调查取样,共捕获蚊类2亚科5属32种87126只,统计分析结果显示：1）总蚊密度沿纬度和海拔梯度基本呈现为两头高中间略低的分布格局,但总体上以低纬度和低海拔地带为高;2）优势种（主要是三带喙库蚊）密度与总蚊密度沿纬度和海拔梯度均呈现正相关分布格局,说明优势种不同程度地主导了当地蚊类密度的分布趋势;3）α-多样性（Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Pielou指数E）和物种丰富度S随着纬度的增加呈逐步升高然后又降低的单峰分布格局;沿海拔梯度的变化是：H′和E总体呈现为逐步上升的趋势,但物种丰富度S呈现为中间高,两头相对较低的分布格局;4）α-多样性（H′、E）与总蚊密度在沿纬度梯度和海拔梯度的变化中均呈现为多样性随着密度降低而升高,随密度的升高而降低的负相关分布格局;5）β-多样性（Cody指数）沿纬度梯度呈偏峰分布格局,其高峰位置在27°N与28°N之间,它反映出当地蚊类物种组成在此区间发生了较大的变化;Cody指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈单峰分布格局,其高峰出现在1200～1800m之间,反映出蚊类物种组成在海拔高度约1500m的区域发生了较大的变化;上述纬度和海拔梯度的Cody指数高峰的具体地理位置分别地处当地气候沿纬度（水平）梯度和海拔（垂直）梯度分布中的北亚热带向暖温带的过渡地带,它们反映了蚊类的β多样性空间分布格局及物种组成与当地地理环境和气候条件的变?     

三种库蚊核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区(ITS2)序列测定与系统进化分析

对广东省野外采集的库蚊属中2个亚属中的3种库蚊,褐尾库蚊Culex fuscanus(Lutzia、路蚊亚属)、二带喙库蚊Cx.bitaeniorhynchus和致倦库蚊Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus(Culex、库蚊亚属)进行核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区(ITS2)序列测定,并与GenBank中已知库蚊属中路蚊亚属、库蚊亚属、新库蚊亚属和黑蚊亚属的11种和伊蚊属1种蚊虫的ITS2进行序列分析。结果表明:褐尾库蚊与同亚属的非洲蚊种(Culex tigripes)亲缘关系最近,基因同源性为65.27%;库蚊亚属的二带喙库蚊与伪杂鳞库蚊基因同源性为75.87%;致倦库蚊与尖音库蚊复合组内淡色库蚊的基因同源性97.13%。在所选库蚊中,黑蚊亚属与伊蚊最接近,其次是新库蚊亚属和路蚊亚属的蚊虫。在库蚊属4个亚属中,路蚊亚属与库蚊亚属有更近的亲缘关系,这也印证了库蚊亚属某些幼虫与路蚊亚属幼虫具有相似习性的遗传基础。系统进化关系分析结果与经典分类学分类系统接近一致,但库蚊亚属的进化可能更具多样性。     

Intraspecific DNA variation in nuclear genes of the mosquito Aedes aegypti

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an abundant source of genetic variation among individual organisms. To assess the usefulness of SNPs for genome analysis in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, we sequenced 25 nuclear genes in each of three strains and analysed nucleotide diversity. The average frequency of nucleotide variation was 12 SNPs per kilobase, indicating that nucleotide variation in Ae. aegypti is similar to that in other organisms, including Drosophila and the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Transition polymorphisms outnumbered transversion polymorphisms, at a ratio of about 2:1. We examined codon usage and confirmed that mutational bias favours G and C ending codons. Codon bias was most pronounced in highly expressed genes. Nucleotide diversity estimates indicated that substitution rates are positively correlated in coding and non-coding regions. Nucleotide diversity varied from one gene to another. The unequal distribution of SNPs among Ae. aegypti nuclear genes suggests that single base variations are non-neutral and are subject to selective constraints. Our analysis showed that ubiquitously expressed genes have lower polymorphism rates and are likely under strong purifying selection, whereas tissue specific genes and genes with a putative role in parasite defence exhibit higher levels of polymorphism that may be associated with diversifying selection.     

Seed pods of the carob tree Ceratonia siliqua are a favored sugar source for the mosquito Aedes albopictus in coastal Israel

The sugar feeding of Aedes albopictus was studied. In outdoor cages they fed avidly on carob (Ceratonia siliqua L., Caesalpiniaceae) seed pods soiled with sugary exudates. Feeding was either from the surface or by piercing the tissue which is indicated by the presence of plant tissue residues in the gut. More than 90% were sugar positive and about a third had plant tissue residues in the gut after overnight exposure. Similar exposure to clean undamaged seed pods resulted in about two thirds sugar positive mosquitoes and all of these had plant-tissue residues in the gut.In an irrigated, field site, with abundance of sugar sources in the summer 68% of the females and 75% of the males were sugar positive whereas, 1.2% of the females and no males had plant tissue in the gut. The proportion of sugar positive mosquitoes was similar in the autumn and plant tissue was not found in 150 females and 13 males. In the dry site in the summer 42% females and 33% males were sugar positive while 22% females and 33% males contained plant tissue. In the autumn 73% females and 80% males were sugar positive while 2% females and none of the males contained plant tissue.     

宝鸡市常见蚊虫一日活动节律的初步观察

目的研究掌握宝鸡市常见蚊虫的一日活动节律。方法人帐诱法。结果获得蚊科2属7种,即伊蚊属4种,库蚊属3种。其中以朝鲜伊蚊数量最大,占捕获蚊虫总数的55.69%;淡色库蚊次之,占23.92%;羽鸟伊蚊居第三位,占15.68%;白纹伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊、凶小库蚊和贪食库蚊数量最小,共占捕获蚊虫总数的4.71%。结论朝鲜伊蚊、淡色库蚊和羽鸟伊蚊是当地蚊虫的主要构成者,不同种类其活动时域不同,为防治提供了依据。     

云南元江河谷稻田蚊类幼虫群落学特征及水稻生长遮盖度对其影响作用

目的 了解稻田蚊类群落学特征及水稻生长遮盖度对其影响作用，探讨大水体型蚊类群落学的调查和分析方法。方法 在水稻的不同生长期，采用容积为1000ml幼虫勺进行调查；数据输入计算机，进行统计学和群落学特征分析。结果 共发现按蚊亚科和库蚊亚科2属3亚属9种；群落的Shannon—Wiener多样性指数和均匀性指数分别为1．072和0．488；中华按蚊、致乏库蚊和棕头库蚊的优势度分别为67．69、32．65和17．65，优势度集中指数为0．447；3个优势种问均为正相关关系；水稻的遮盖度系数和平均幼虫密度成负相关(r=-0．76，95％可信区间：-0．61～-0．97)。结论 稻田蚊类群落蚊种较少，群落组成和结构简单，稳定性和种间结合良好；随着水稻的生长，遮盖度增加，幼虫密度下降。     

Differential attraction of Aedes albopictus in the field to flowers, fruits and honeydew

Sugar is the main source of energy for the activities of mosquitoes; however, information on the vital sugar feeding of Aedes albopictus in the field is scanty and often anecdotal. Using glue traps and baits, we evaluated the attraction of Ae. albopictus to 28 different, potential sugar sources. Control traps were baited with either sugar–water solution or water alone, and since there was no significant difference between these controls, the water control was used as the standard for comparison. The total catch amounted to 1347 females and 1127 males. An attraction index (mean number of mosquitoes attracted to the baits/mean number of mosquitoes attracted to the control) was used to compare the relative attraction of the baits. The attraction index of significantly attractive baits ranged from 2.5 to 50.0 and the index of others ranged from 0.50 to 2.75. None of the baits were repellent. Significantly high attraction was observed for four of six ornamental flowers (Tamarix chinensis, Vitex agnus-castus, Polygonum baldchuanicum, Buddleja davidii), four of eleven wild flowers (Prosopis farcta, Ziziphus spina-christi, Polygonum equisetiforme, Ceratonia siliqua), the only tested seed pod when damaged and fermenting (C. siliqua), and all five of the tested fruits: Opuntia ficus indica (sabra), Ficus carica (fig), Punica granatum (pomegranate, damaged), Eriobotyra japonica (loquat), and Rubus sanctus (raspberry). Unlike damaged, fermenting carob seed pods and pomegranates, the fresh fruits were not attractive. Attraction to foliage soiled with honeydew excretion of three different aphid species was also not significant. The potential to use attractive sugar sources for mosquito control is discussed.