Central illustration: geographic distribution of the 49 centres participating in the FRENSHOCK registry (35 academic hospitals, 10 general hospitals and four private clinics). Inclusion per centre varied from 1 to 72 patients.相似文献
Introduction Recent reviews found problem gamblers are heterogeneous and recommended subtyping gamblers in treatment studies.
Objective Review factors (stage of change, preferred gambling activity, co-occurring disorder, and temporal instability of symptoms)
for subtyping by evaluating the evidence for their effects on gambling treatment.
Methods Literature review, evidence grading.
Results Evidence is limited that any of the reviewed factors affects gambling treatment. Substantial evidence from prospective studies
and other evidence from cross-sectional studies and the strong placebo response among pathological gamblers support the temporal
instability of gambling symptoms.
Conclusions Multiple studies are needed to develop the evidence base needed to subtype gamblers in treatment. Changes in the diagnostic
criteria of pathological gambling may be necessary, especially to specify the persistence of gambling-related symptoms. 相似文献
This study examines the correlation between development of expressed emotion (EE) in relatives and course of illness of 99
DSM-III schizophrenic patients. Patients whose relatives were high EE at baseline and at the 2nd CFI approximately 20 months
later had a poor prognosis at the very outset of the study and an unfavourable course of illness. They had a higher rehospitalisation
rate, more symptoms, lower psychosocial assessment, and a poorer 2-year and even 8-year outcome. Patients from families with
a fluctuating EE or a consistently low EE had better courses. Expessed emotion is therefore a valid predictor not only of
symptomatic relapses, but also of other important aspects of schizophrenia. The connection between EE index and course of
illness seerns not to be simply reactive or causal, but complex and non-uniform. 相似文献