Cuantificación y tratamiento de la congestión en insuficiencia cardíaca: una visión clínica y fisiopatológica

Renal sodium and water retention with resulting extracellular volume expansion and redistribution are hallmark features of heart failure syndromes. However, congestion assessment, monitoring, and treatment represent a real challenge in daily clinical practice. This document reviewed historical and contemporary evidence of available methods for determining volume status and discuss pharmacological aspects and pathophysiological principles that underlie diuretic use.     

Efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate nasal spray in nasal polyposis

BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested that topical corticosteroids are effective in the treatment of nasal polyps; however, this has yet to be confirmed in a large, robust clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) for nasal polyposis. METHODS: A total of 354 subjects with bilateral nasal polyps and clinically significant congestion/obstruction participated in this multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects received MFNS 200 microg once or twice daily or placebo for 4 months. Coprimary endpoints were (1) change from baseline to last assessment in physician-evaluated bilateral polyp grade score and (2) change from baseline averaged over month 1 in subject-assessed nasal congestion/obstruction. ANOVA was used for all efficacy endpoints, except for change in bilateral polyp grade score, for which baseline polyp grade was added as a covariate. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, MFNS 200 microg administered once or twice daily produced significantly greater reductions in bilateral polyp grade score (P < .001, P = .010, respectively) and congestion/obstruction (P = .001, P < .001), as well as improvement in loss of smell (P < .001, P = .036), anterior rhinorrhea (P < .001 for both), and postnasal drip (P < .001, P = .001) over month 1. MFNS 200 microg twice daily was superior to MFNS 200 microg once daily in reducing congestion/obstruction (P = .039), and there were more improvers in the MFNS 200 microg twice daily group (P = .035). MFNS was well tolerated in both groups. CONCLUSION: MFNS 200 mug, once or twice daily, was safe and significantly superior to placebo in reducing polyp grade (size and extent) and improving congestion/obstruction and return of sense of smell. MFNS is an effective medical treatment for nasal polyposis and may reduce or delay the need for surgery.     

硫酸阿米卡星的刺激性试验

目的 　观察硫酸阿米卡星注射液对兔血管壁和股四头肌是否有刺激性 ,为临床用药提供理论依据。方法 　新西兰兔耳缘静脉注射 0 .5 %硫酸阿米卡星 0 .6m L· kg- 1 ( 1m L· min- 1 ) ,1日 1次 ,连续 7d,及大腿股四头肌注射硫酸阿米卡星每只 1m L ,1次 ,末次给药后 48h,取兔耳血管和股四头肌作病理检查。结果 　与对照组比较 ,血管及肌肉经目检和镜检均未见明显的变化。结论　硫酸阿米卡星注射液对兔耳管壁和股四头肌无明显的刺激性     

Étude d’une population d’enfants porteurs de paralysie cérébrale : description de caractéristiques cliniques potentiellement corrélées à la morbidité respiratoire

ObjectiveDescribe the history of respiratory morbidity in a population of 30 children with cerebral palsy and to link this development with different clinical signs that may have an impact on lung function. The prospects of such a study would identify some clinical criteria, risk markers for respiratory pathologies, easy to detect outside a hospital setting.MethodsData collection from folder items of each child: health record, nursing records, medical and paramedical folder, and gathering additional information by questionnaires to speech therapists and educators.ResultsIt appears that the more children with cerebral palsy are severely affected in their motor skills, the more they have substantial respiratory history. Children who belong to category 5 on the scale of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMF-CS) present the following common characteristics: more episodes of inflammations and/or infections of the upper and lower airways than children having lower quotes GMF-CS, postural weakness of the trunk (100%), control deficits of breath and speech (100%), deficits in motor control and sensory integration of the buccal cavity, pharynx and larynx, characterized by impaired swallowing (100%), salivary leakage (100%), a suitable diet and risk of aspiration in 8 of 9 cases, an underweight in 7 of 9 cases. Children of categories GMF-CS below do not include all these features so significantly. However, some children rated 4 have some of these features added.ConclusionChildren with cerebral palsy do not seem all equal faced to respiratory events; the motor and nutritional characteristics identified in our work should be studied as part of a prospective cohort study in order to determine their relevance or not as a respiratory disease risk factor disabling on medium-term. The final aim would be to develop the preventive aspect of the respiratory care of children with cerebral palsy.     

胆闭通络方对幼鼠阻塞性黄疸FPA及D-二聚体的影响

目的探讨胆闭通络方对幼鼠阻塞性黄疸FPA及D-二聚体(D-D)影响。方法将SD大鼠幼鼠分为3组,第1组为正常对照组,予生理盐水灌胃,第2组为模型组,采用2%α-萘异硫氰酸酯(ANIT)及生理盐水灌胃,第3组为治疗组,在造模同时予胆闭通络方灌胃,每日1次,连续7d。以分光光度仪检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酶氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、血清总胆红素(TB)含量;双抗体夹心法测定大鼠血清血纤肽/纤维蛋白肽A(FPA)及D-D水平。结果与模型组比较,治疗组血清TB、ALT、AST、AKP、r-GT降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,模型组及治疗组血清FPA及D-D显著增高(P0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组血清FPA及D-D降低(P0.05)。结论胆闭通络方能抑制FPA及D-D产生,减少肝内微血栓的形成,缓解肝脏瘀血。     

Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure: a scientific statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine

Patients with acute heart failure (AHF) require urgent in‐hospital treatment for relief of symptoms. The main reason for hospitalization is congestion, rather than low cardiac output. Although congestion is associated with a poor prognosis, many patients are discharged with persistent signs and symptoms of congestion and/or a high left ventricular filling pressure. Available data suggest that a pre‐discharge clinical assessment of congestion is often not performed, and even when it is performed, it is not done systematically because no method to assess congestion prior to discharge has been validated. Grading congestion would be helpful for initiating and following response to therapy. We have reviewed a variety of strategies to assess congestion which should be considered in the care of patients admitted with HF. We propose a combination of available measurements of congestion. Key elements in the measurement of congestion include bedside assessment, laboratory analysis, and dynamic manoeuvres. These strategies expand by suggesting a routine assessment of congestion and a pre‐discharge scoring system. A point system is used to quantify the degree of congestion. This score offers a new instrument to direct both current and investigational therapies designed to optimize volume status during and after hospitalization. In conclusion, this document reviews the available methods of evaluating congestion, provides suggestions on how to properly perform these measurements, and proposes a method to quantify the amount of congestion present.     

切取肝中静脉对活体肝移植供者早期残肝淤血和再生的影响

目的 探讨肝中静脉的切取对活体右半肝移植供者残肝淤血和再生的影响.方法 本中心2008年8月至2009年8月实施的活体右半肝移植供者28例,其中不带肝中静脉右半肝切取的供体11例(A组),带肝中静脉右半肝切取的供体17例(B组).术后2周行CT检查测量残肝的体积.比较两组供者Ⅳ段肝静脉与不同分型的术后早期残肝淤血和再生情况.结果 本组供体有10例发现Ⅳ段淤血,均为残肝不含肝中静脉者(B组),其中7例为完全或大部分淤血,A组供者无1例出现肝脏淤血;两组相比差异有统计学意义(P =0.006).B组供者中Ⅳ段肝静脉分型为Ⅰ型者共有6例,Ⅳ段全部出现淤血且为完全淤血;而Ⅱ型中共有4例患者发生淤血,其中完全淤血1例,两型相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.035).术后两周B组Ⅳ段体积为(186±72) ml,A组Ⅳ段体积为(302±85) ml,B组显著小于A组(P =0.005).B组Ⅳ段再生比例显著小于A组(P =0.007);Ⅰ～Ⅲ段的再生比例B组显著大于A组(P =0.008);而A、B组残肝再生差异无统计学意义(P=0.63).结论 带肝中静脉右半肝切除没有明显损害供体早期肝功能.残肝Ⅳ段有淤血发生,导致再生受到不利影响,但可通过Ⅱ、Ⅲ段再生代偿,整体残肝再生不受影响.