Distribution of the exfoliative toxin D gene in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in France

Exfoliative toxin D (ETD) was identified recently as a new exfoliative toxin serotype. Like other exfoliative toxins, ETD induces intra-epidermal cleavage through the granular layer of the epidermis of neonatal mice. The distribution of ETD production was investigated in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from infected and colonised patients in France. The etd gene was found in 55 (10.5%) of 522 isolates tested. Isolates responsible for bullous impetigo and generalised staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome did not harbour etd, but etd was significantly more frequent in isolates causing cutaneous abscesses and furuncles. Most etd- and Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive strains belonged to the clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus spreading currently throughout France.     

医院内感染病原菌及其对抗生素的耐药状况

调查1988年3月～5月我院591例住院病例,发生96例次院内感染,总发病率16.2％。院内感染病原菌中,革蓝氏阴性杆菌占72.9％,革蓝氏阳性球菌占12.9％,念珠菌属占14.1％。院内感染病原菌的耐药性明显高于院外菌株。绿脓杆菌对庆大霉素和羧苄青霉素的耐药率分别为63.6％和54.5％。其它革蓝氏阴性杆菌院内株对常用抗生素如氨苄青霉素、羧苄青霉素、庆大霉素和妥布拉霉素的耐药率分别为82.5％、 67.5％、47.5％和45％。革蓝氏阳性球菌院内株的耐药性也很严重,表葡菌对多种半合成青霉素类、红霉素、复方新诺明甚至万古霉素的耐药率达60％以上。同时分离出耐甲氧西林金葡菌。     

Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter,randomized, double-blind,double-dummy,active-controlled,non-inferiority trial

Background/Purpose

Nemonoxacin is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with excellent in vitro activity against most pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially Gram-positive isolates. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of nemonoxacin compared with levofloxacin in patients with CAP.

Mixed microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children

Seven paediatric studies on community-acquired pneumonia with serological methods for both viruses and bacteria have been published, allowing the evaluation of concomitant multiple etiological findings. In these studies, dual viral infection has been present in 0-14%, dual bacterial infection likewise in 0-14%, and mixed viral-bacterial infection in 3-30% of the pneumonia cases. The results confirm former clinical observations that respiratory viruses often pave the way for airway-colonising bacteria. The measured frequency of multiple infections has been dependent on the available test panel, mainly on the tests used for pneumococcal aetiology. Mixed viral-bacterial infections have been especially common in young children under 2 years of age, reflecting the high frequency of respiratory syncytial virus infections and their tendency to induce bacterial co-infections. No microbe-specific viral-bacterial associations have been demonstrated. The clinical implications of mixed viral-bacterial infections, compared with viral infections alone or bacterial infections alone, have so far remained unresolved. Current guidelines recommend antibiotic therapy for all community-acquired pneumonia cases in children.     

Nosocomial vs. community-acquired infective endocarditis in Greece: changing epidemiological profile and mortality risk

Current epidemiological trends of infective endocarditis (IE) in Greece were investigated via a prospective cohort study of all cases of IE that fulfilled the Duke criteria during 2000-2004 in 14 tertiary and six general hospitals in the metropolitan area of Athens. Demographics, clinical data and outcome were compared for nosocomial IE (NIE) and community-acquired IE (CIE). NIE accounted for 42 (21.5%) and CIE for 153 (78.5%) of 195 cases. Intravenous drug use was associated exclusively with CIE, while co-morbidities (cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure requiring haemodialysis and malignancies) were more frequent in the NIE group (p <0.05). Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) predominated in the NIE group (p 0.006), and >50% of NIE cases had a history of vascular intervention. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci were more frequent in cases of NIE than in cases of CIE (26.2% vs. 5.2%, p <0.01, and 30.9% vs. 16.3%, p 0.05, respectively). Enterococci accounted for 19.5% of total IE cases and were the leading cause of NIE. Staphylococcus aureus IE was hospital-acquired in only 11.9% of cases. In-hospital mortality was higher for NIE than for CIE (39.5% vs. 18.6%, p 0.02). Cardiac failure (New York Heart Association grade III-IV; OR 13.3, 95% CI 4.9-36.1, p <0.001) and prosthetic valve endocarditis (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3-10.6, p 0.01) were the most important predictors of mortality.     

小儿肺热咳喘口服液治疗急性社区获得性下呼吸道感染临床观察

目的：观察小儿肺热咳喘口服液治疗小儿急性社区获得性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效及毒副作用。方法：我科门诊或住院确诊的小儿下感150例，随机分为治疗组100例，对照组50例，两组均进行常规抗感染治疗，治疗组加服小儿肺热咳喘口服液。对照组用百部止咳糖浆。结果：治疗组总显效率92．0％。显著优于对照组的78．0％（P〈0．01），在退热、止咳、消除啰音方面治疗组均优于对照组（P均〈0．05）。未见明显不良反应。结论：小儿肺热咳喘口服液治疗急性下呼吸道感染疗效好，无毒副作用。     

早期采用无创正压通气联合纤维支气管镜治疗社区获得性重症肺炎并发呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的观察早期采用无创正压通气联合纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)治疗社区获得性重症肺炎并发呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将社区获得性重症肺炎并发呼吸衰竭早期的患者分为接受早期无创正压通气联合纤支镜治疗组(治疗组)和拒绝接受无创通气及纤支镜治疗组(对照组),比较两组病例治疗前后的呼吸频率变化、血气分析变化、首次痰培养阳性率、气管插管率、呼吸重症监护病房(R ICU)住院时间和病死率。结果治疗组治疗2h PaO2升至(74±11)mm Hg,至24h达(75±10)mm Hg,对照组分别为(49±11)mm Hg、(51±8)mm Hg,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗组24h后呼吸频率为(30±5)次/m in,pH值为7.38±0.10,PaCO2为(46±10)mm Hg,对照组分别为(37±5)次/m in、7.30±0.12、(59±8)mm Hg,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组和对照组的首次痰培养阳性率分别为60.0%和33.3%、气管插管率为24%和57.14%、R ICU住院时间为(13±4)d和(16±4)d、病死率为12%和42.86%,两组指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期采用无创正压通气联合纤支镜技术是治疗社区获得性重症肺炎并发呼吸衰竭的有效手段,能迅速改善动脉血气、缓解呼吸困难,减少气管插管率,降低病死率,减少ICU住院时间,改善预后。     

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Indigenous communities in Canada

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have emerged as a significant issue in some Indigenous communities (including First Nations, Inuit and Métis) in Canada. Primarily associated with skin and soft-tissue infections, this organism can also result in significant morbidity and mortality. Canadian and American guidelines for managing CA-MRSA infections have been published. The specific epidemiology, microbiology and susceptibility patterns, and the social/environmental circumstances of CA-MRSA infections in Indigenous communities need to be considered for strategies to reduce transmission. While reducing household crowding and improving in-home potable water supply are optimal strategies to reduce the impact of this illness, implementing Canadian guidelines along with increased prevention strategies are recommended as interim measures.     

Adult K lebsiella pneumoniae meningitis in Qatar: clinical pattern of ten cases

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation, underlying diseases, antimicrobial susceptibility, treatment and outcome of Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis patients.MethodsThis retrospective study involved all patients with 15 years of age or older who admitted to Hamad General Hospital with culture proven Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2012.ResultsA total of ten cases were identified (nine males and one female). Their mean age was (43.3±12.8) years. Eight patients (80%) had nosocomial meningitis with neurosurgery being the most frequent associated condition. Fever and altered consciousness were the most frequent symptom. Cerebrospinal fluid showed elevated protein and glucose levels. Gram stain showed Gram-negative rods in 50% of cases, while positive cerebrospinal fluid culture results were found in all patients. Multidrug resistance was observed in two cases, and all patients had received appropriate empirical and definitive antibiotic treatments. The mean duration of intravenous antimicrobial treatment was (19.3±7.0) d and all patients with external ventricular drains underwent removal of the device, while in-hospital mortality was 50%.ConclusionsThe number of cases was too small to come up with therapeutic and prognostic conclusions. Further large-scale prospective study is needed.