补肾排毒合剂治疗慢性肾衰竭营养不良60例临床观察

目的:观察补肾排毒合剂治疗慢性肾衰竭营养不良的疗效.方法:90例慢性肾衰竭营养不良患者随机分为治疗组60例和对照组30例,并设健康对照组30例.治疗组和对照组在综合治疗的基础上,治疗组加用补肾排毒合剂,对照组加用爱西特和百令胶囊.比较两组肾功能、营养状态和血浆瘦素、神经肽Y的变化.结果:治疗组治疗后BUN、Scr明显降低,与治疗前及对照组相比均有统计学差异(P<0.05).治疗组营养状态好转,与治疗前及对照组相比均有统计学差异(P<0.05).两组慢性肾衰竭营养不良患者治疗前Leptin、NPY水平均高于健康组(P<0.05),治疗后治疗组Leptin、NPY较治疗前下降,有统计学意义(P<0.05),但与对照组相比无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:补肾排毒合剂治疗慢性肾衰竭营养不良疗效明显,可降低BUN、Scr,改善营养不良状态.     

Acute Immobilization Stress and Intraventricular Injection of CRF Suppress Naloxone-Induced LH Release in Ovariectomized Estrogen-Primed Rats

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role and possible interaction of the endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the acute stress-induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of naloxone (10 or 20  mg/kg), an EOP antagonist, significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels within 10  min in non-stressed animals. The naloxone-induced LH release was completely eliminated when tested 30  min after the onset of acute immobilization. In a subsequent study, it was found that suppression of the naloxone-induced LH release occurred as early as 5  min after the stress onset, and was still evident 60  min after the end of a 30-min period of immobilization. The effect of naloxone was restored 3  h after liberation of the animal from the 30-min immobilization. An intraventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CRF (1 or 5  μg) also significantly suppressed, in a dose-related manner, the effect of a subsequent i.v. injection of naloxone. However, an i.c.v. injection of α -helical CRF(9-41) (25 or 50  μg), a CRF antagonist, prior to immobilization, could not interfere with the suppressive effect of stress on naloxone-induced LH release. These results suggest that both acute immobilization stress and CRF can inhibit the LH secretory activity without mediation by EOP neurons. However, the stress-related suppression may involve non-CRF mechanism(s).     

慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者心理卫生状况调研

目的 :了解慢性肾衰竭血透患者的心理卫生状况。方法 :用SCL - 90量表对 6 5名慢性血透患者进行测量 ,测量结果与国内正常人群进行比较 ,并对该人群心理问题发生率作出估计。结果 :血透患者的SCL - 90总分(14 9.4 6± 5 0 .88)分 ,总均分 (1.6 6± 0 .5 7)分 ,阳性项目数 (34.0 3± 2 3.0 7)个 ,阳性均分 (2 .4 6± 0 .84 )分 ,在本组人群中心理障碍的检出率为 15 .38% ,男性与女性之间无差异 (χ2 =0 .0 0 4 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,血透患者组的SCL - 90因子分中躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性、强迫、敌意和恐怖因子与国内正常人群有差异 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 0 1)。结论 :慢性肾衰竭血透患者的心理卫生状况明显低于国内正常人群 ,其中 15 .38%的患者存在心理障碍 ,主要以躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性为主 ,对躯体疾病的治疗中应兼顾心理问题的诊断与治疗     

The Effects of Corticoliberin at Different Concentrations on Long-Term Potentiation in Slices of Rat Olfactory Cortex

Experiments were performed to investigate evoked focal potentials in slices of rat olfactory cortex. The results showed that 1 M corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF; corticoliberin) increases the frequency of posttetanic potentiation, which had a shorter delay phase than in control experiments. Posttetanic potentiation during perfusion with 0.1 M corticoliberin had a longer delay phase than in control experiments.     

Dorsal bundle extinction effect: Motivation or attention?

Male albino Wistar rats were injected bilaterally with 4 micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine into the dorsal noradrenergic bundle to deplete forebrain noradrenaline to less than 5% of control values. Acquisition learning of a fixed interval schedule or a continuously reinforced schedule was not altered but resistance to extinction was seen after food reinforced training on either schedule but not after water reinforced training. A possible increase in food motivation was tested by the use of preloading with free food prior to a fixed interval session but both control and lesioned rats reacted similarly to this manipulation thus appearing to exclude an increase in food motivation. An attentional explanation is proposed and tested by the demonstration that resistance to extinction does not occur after a partially (variable ratio 4), as opposed to a continuously, reinforced schedule. Further evidence in favour of an attentional mechanism comes from the finding that on both a fixed interval and a continuously reinforced schedule the lesion has to be present during the acquisition phase to result in subsequent resistance to extinction. Intact animals trained on either schedule and subsequently subjected to the lesion failed to show an increased resistance to extinction.     

Intracerebroventricularly administered corticotropin-releasing factor releases somatostatin through a cholinergic,vagal pathway in freely fed rats

The aim of this study was to investigate whether corticotropin-releasing factor influences the plasma levels of somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin when administered intracerebroventricularly to rats, and if such an effect could be vagally mediated, and dependent on the animals feeding states. Anaesthetized, freely fed rats were given 5 μl intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin-releasing factor in four doses; 10 pmol-1.28 nmol. Immediately following death, trunk blood was collected for subsequent peptide analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA). The three higher doses of corticotropin-releasing factor elevated the plasma levels of somatostatin (P < 0.01) after 20 min but left the plasma levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin unchanged. Intraperitoneal injections of 60 and 320 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence the somatostatin levels. Further, intracerebroventricular injections of 60 pmol of corticotropin-releasing factor produced a peak increase in somatostatin after 20 min (P < 0.01). After 60 min the somatostatin levels were still increased (P < 0.05). Gastrin and cholecystokinin remained unaltered at these timepoints. Intracerebroventricular administration of 10 nmol of a-helical corticotropin-releasing factor 9–41 attenuated the basal levels of somatostatin and blocked the corticotropin-releasing factor-induced rise in somatostatin. Bilateral truncal vagotomy, as well as pretreatment with atropine (0.05 mg kg^-1, subcutaneously) abolished the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on somatostatin. In animals which were food-deprived for 24 h, corticotropin-releasing factor did not influence somatostatin, gastrin or cholecystokinin. Pretreatment with cholecystokinin did not potentiate corticotropin-releasing factor-induced somatostatin release in food-deprived rats. These findings suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor acting within the central nervous system may regulate gastrointestinal functions partially through a cholinergic, vagally mediated release of somatostatin in freely fed, but not in food-deprived rats.     

HIV-1 CRF55_01B毒株流行特征的研究进展

CRF55_01B是我国报道的HIV-1主要流行毒株之一,具有较为独特的流行病学和基因进化特征。近几年HIV-1分子流行病学监测发现CRF55_01B已经成为我国第五个主要流行HIV-1毒株。本研究从他的发现起源、流行情况、致病性和耐药性及参与的重组等方面进行综述,并讨论了与其流行密切相关的社会和生物学因素。     

Subtype‐specific differences in transmission cluster dynamics of HIV‐1 B and CRF01_AE in New South Wales,Australia

IntroductionThe human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) pandemic is characterized by numerous distinct sub‐epidemics (clusters) that continually fuel local transmission. The aims of this study were to identify active growing clusters, to understand which factors most influence the transmission dynamics, how these vary between different subtypes and how this information might contribute to effective public health responses.MethodsWe used HIV‐1 genomic sequence data linked to demographic factors that accounted for approximately 70% of all new HIV‐1 notifications in New South Wales (NSW). We assessed differences in transmission cluster dynamics between subtype B and circulating recombinant form 01_AE (CRF01_AE). Separate phylogenetic trees were estimated using 2919 subtype B and 473 CRF01_AE sequences sampled between 2004 and 2018 in combination with global sequence data and NSW‐specific clades were classified as clusters, pairs or singletons. Significant differences in demographics between subtypes were assessed with Chi‐Square statistics.ResultsWe identified 104 subtype B and 11 CRF01_AE growing clusters containing a maximum of 29 and 11 sequences for subtype B and CRF01_AE respectively. We observed a > 2‐fold increase in the number of NSW‐specific CRF01_AE clades over time. Subtype B clusters were associated with individuals reporting men who have sex with men (MSM) as their transmission risk factor, being born in Australia, and being diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.01). CRF01_AE infections clusters were associated with infections among individuals diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.05) and CRF01_AE singletons were more likely to be from infections among individuals reporting heterosexual transmission (p < 0.05). We found six subtype B clusters with an above‐average growth rate (>1.5 sequences / 6‐months) and which consisted of a majority of infections among MSM. We also found four active growing CRF01_AE clusters containing only infections among MSM. Finally, we found 47 subtype B and seven CRF01_AE clusters that contained a large gap in time (>1 year) between infections and may be indicative of intermediate transmissions via undiagnosed individuals.ConclusionsThe large number of active and growing clusters among MSM are the driving force of the ongoing epidemic in NSW for subtype B and CRF01_AE.     

慢性肾衰患者心率变异性改变

目的　通过心率变异性 (HRV)变化测定 ,探讨慢性肾功能衰竭 (CRF)患者的自主神经活动状况。方法　用2 4小时动态心电图分析系统 ,对 2 0例健康者 ,77例CRF患者 (其中 30例氮质血症 ,4 7例尿毒症 )心率变异性的时域指标进行对比研究。结果　CRF患者心率变异性的测定结果为 :SDNN 85 .2 8± 19.96 ,SDANN 75 .5 5± 2 2 .4 7,r-MSSD19.2 2± 11.82 ,PNN50 6 .7± 14 .79,各项指标均明显低于健康者 (P <0 .0 1)。氮质血症期与尿毒症期心率变异性无明显差别。结论　通过HRV时域分析发现 ,CRF患者有自主神经调节功能紊乱。CRF氮质血症期患者已出现HRV下降 ,提示CRF患者早期就存在自主神经功能损害。     

慢性肾衰患者外源性PGE1与血浆内皮素及降钙素基因相关肽的关系

目的观察外源性前列腺素E1(PGE1)对慢性肾衰(CRF)患者血浆内皮素 (ET)及降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)水平的影响. 方法利用放射免疫分析法测定9 0例CRF患者经PGE1治疗后的血浆ET及CGRP水平的变化并分析其相互关系. 结果 CRF患者血浆ET的水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.01) ,血浆CGRP的水平较对照组明显降低(P<0.01). ET与肾功能参数 (BUN,Cr)呈明显的正相关(r=0.58 ,P<0.01;r=0.62,P<0.01),与尿量呈明显的负相关(r=-0.60,P< 0.01). PGE1治疗后,ET和CGRP水平均有所好转(P<0.05),同时肾功能参数(BUN, Cr) 和尿量亦有改善(P<0.05). 结论 CRF多伴有血浆ET及CGRP 水平的变化,应用PGE1治疗有益于延缓肾功能的进一步恶化.