ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES AT THE ROOF OF THE ORBIT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CHECK LIGAMENT OF THE SUPERIOR FORNIX

In an attempt to clarify the topography of the structures at the roof of the orbit we dissected the anterior cranial fossas of seven cadavers. Structures such as the periorbita, levator muscle of the upper eyelid and its aponeurosis, as well as Tenon's capsule with its continuation into the check ligament of the superior fornix were identified. The technique for correction of congenital blepharoptosis by suspension of the check ligament of the superior fornix to the tarsus was mimicked and its function clarified.     

RESTORATION OF INVOLUNTARY TONIC CONTRACTION OF THE LEVATOR MUSCLE IN PATIENTS WITH APONEUROTIC BLEPHAROPTOSIS OR HORNER SYNDROME BY APONEUROTIC ADVANCEMENT USING THE ORBITAL SEPTUM

Müller's muscle can be thought of as a large serial type of muscle spindle of the levator muscle. Effective stretching of the mechanoreceptor in the proximal part of Müller's muscle by voluntary phasic contraction of the levator muscle for initial opening of the eye induces involuntary tonic contraction of the levator muscle as a stretch reflex via the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, to maintain an adequate visual field. After disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus by habitual rubbing, elongation of Müller's muscle secondary to thinning (aponeurotic blepharoptosis) or paralysis (Horner syndrome) desensitises the mechanoreceptor of Müller's muscle, resulting in blepharoptosis. Shortening of the elongated and thinned Müller's muscle by instillation of phenylephrine, and surgical shortening, and fixation of the disinserted, elongated, and thinned aponeurosis using the orbital septum, restored involuntary tonic contraction of the levator muscle in nearly all of 2000 patients with aponeurotic blepharoptosis and in 11 patients with Horner syndrome.     

SUSPENSION OF THE EYELID TO THE CHECK LIGAMENT OF THE SUPERIOR FORNIX FOR CONGENITAL BLEPHAROPTOSIS

A new surgical procedure for the treatment of all types of congenital blepharoptosis is described: suspension of the eyelid to the check ligament of the superior fornix. This is a dynamic suspension technique by which the check ligament, which is an extension of Tenon's capsule and normally inserts into the superior conjunctival fornix, is brought forward and sutured to the tarsus, which raises the eyelid. This technique does not sacrifice or add any tissue and is simple to repeat if necessary. Sixty-two patients were operated on using the technique and followed up for a mean of 23 months (range 3 months to 9.6 years). In a group of patients not operated on before for ptosis, 50 eyelids were raised with 74% normalisation, 22% improvement, and one eyelid each that showed only slight change or overcorrection. In a group of patients with 27 eyelids operated on before using other techniques, 67% of the eyelids were normalised, 30% were improved, and only one eyelid showed no change. In conclusion, this new technique has proved to be quite successful in raising the level of the upper eyelid in congenital blepharoptosis, with results at least comparable to those of most other techniques. The advantages with the check ligament over other techniques are the minimal trauma of the surgery, its simplicity, and its repeatability.     

SCAPHOLUNATE DISSOCIATION CAUSED BY GOUTY ARTHRITIS OF THE WRIST: Case report

Gouty arthritis of the wrist is rare, and may be associated with scapholunate dissociation. To our knowledge, only two cases have been reported so far. In this report, we describe a 40-year-old patient with scapholunate dissociation caused by acute gouty arthritis of the wrist. His clinical findings and radiographs mimicked infectious arthritis or osteomyelitis of the carpal bones.     

眶隔后壁-上睑提肌复合体折叠法矫正轻度上睑下垂的临床疗效分析

目的探讨眶隔后壁-上睑提肌复合体折叠法矫正轻度上睑下垂的效果。方法回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院2018年1月至2020年1月收治的轻度上睑下垂患者的临床资料,均由同一术者应用眶隔后壁-上睑提肌复合体折叠法进行治疗,记录术后并发症;术后6个月评估双眼对称性,包括优、良好、差;术后12个月评价上睑下垂矫正效果,包括矫正良好、基本矫正、矫正欠佳、矫正过度。结果共纳入85例患者,男36例,女49例,年龄(25.0±4.1)岁,其中双侧62例,单侧23例。获随访12个月。术后所有患者无血肿、感染、暴露性角膜炎、穹隆结膜脱垂等并发症发生。85例中双眼对称性达优者63例,良好17例,差5例,优良率为94.1%(80/85)。上睑下垂矫正良好72例,基本矫正9例,矫正欠佳4例,手术有效率为95.3%(81/85)。结论应用眶隔后壁-上睑提肌复合体折叠法矫正轻度上睑下垂,操作简单、易掌握,损伤较小,安全而有效。     

限制韧带切除矫正轻度上睑下垂在重睑成形术中的应用体会

目的 介绍一种切开重睑术同时进行轻度上睑下垂治疗的新术式——限制韧带切除术.方法 轻度上睑下垂患者存在着独特的解剖学结构,即在上睑提肌腱膜的浅面存在着数条横向走行的白色、质韧的索带样结构——限制韧带,其限制了上睑提肌的上提功能.在术中将其切除掉,使受到束缚的上睑提肌腱膜得到松解.结果 本组共21例患者,18例单纯采取限制韧带切除术,3例采取限制韧带切除术加上睑提肌腱膜缩短术.随访1～18个月,19例取得满意效果,1例重睑线在术后1个月时消失,1例上睑上提效果欠佳.无并发症发生.结论 在重睑成形术中行限制韧带切除术,对轻度上睑下垂有良好的治疗效果,建议在临床中推广应用.     

Deep learning-based image analysis for automated measurement of eyelid morphology before and after blepharoptosis surgery

Background and aimEyelid position and contour abnormality could lead to various diseases, such as blepharoptosis, which is a common eyelid disease. Accurate assessment of eyelid morphology is important in the management of blepharoptosis. We aimed to proposed a novel deep learning-based image analysis to automatically measure eyelid morphological properties before and after blepharoptosis surgery.MethodsThis study included 135 ptotic eyes of 103 patients who underwent blepharoptosis surgery. Facial photographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. Margin reflex distance (MRD) 1 and 2 of the operated eyes were manually measured by a senior surgeon. Multiple eyelid morphological parameters, such as MRD1, MRD2, upper eyelid length and corneal area, were automatically measured by our deep learning-based image analysis. Agreement between manual and automated measurements, as well as two repeated automated measurements of MRDs were analysed. Preoperative and postoperative eyelid morphological parameters were compared. Postoperative eyelid contour symmetry was evaluated using multiple mid-pupil lid distances (MPLDs).ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between manual and automated measurements of MRDs ranged from 0.934 to 0.971 (p < .001), and the bias ranged from 0.09 mm to 0.15 mm. The ICCs between two repeated automated measurements were up to 0.999 (p < .001), and the bias was no more than 0.002 mm. After surgery, MRD1 increased significantly from 0.31 ± 1.17 mm to 2.89 ± 1.06 mm, upper eyelid length from 19.94 ± 3.61 mm to 21.40 ± 2.40 mm, and corneal area from 52.72 ± 15.97 mm² to 76.31 ± 11.31mm² (all p < .001). Postoperative binocular MPLDs at different angles (from 0° to 180°) showed no significant differences in the patients.ConclusionThis technique had high accuracy and repeatability for automatically measuring eyelid morphology, which allows objective assessment of blepharoptosis surgical outcomes. Using only patients’ photographs, this technique has great potential in diagnosis and management of other eyelid-related diseases.     

重睑成形术后发生上睑下垂的原因分析及其防治

目的 探讨重睑术后发生上睑下垂的原因及早期防治方法，避免术后医疗纠纷的发生。方法 对拟做重睑术的患者，术前详细询问病史并认真查体。对18例术前发现有睁眼乏力或轻度上睑下垂者，采用切开法重睑术并同时行上睑提肌缩短术，对3例切开法重睑成形术后，出现上睑下垂并发症者即刻打开切口行上睑提肌缩短术；对5例埋线法术后出现上睑下垂者在7d内拆除缝线，重新设计重睑线。无论切开法或埋线法，如超过10d即均在3个月后再行切开法重睑成形术。结果 对26例术前存在或术后发现的轻度上睑下垂者重行手术修复，24例随访3个月至2年，医者与受术者双方满意或基本满意。结论只要遵循预防为主、早期发现、早期治疗的原则，重睑成形术后出现上睑下垂这一特殊并发症是可以治愈的。