Comparative Analysis of Crossover Exchanges and Chiasmata in Allium Cepa × Fistulosum After Genomic In Situ Hybridization (GISH)

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) successfully differentiated homoeologous genomes in the interspecific hybrid Allium cepa × fistulosum, thus allowing the detection of reciprocal crossover events as label exchanges in separating anaphase I chromosomes. Three of the eight chromosome pairs were positively identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to rDNA sequences. There was a general similarity of the GISH-based label exchange frequencies and metaphase I chiasma frequencies, but with a 20% deficit of chiasmata. Reasons for this apparent deficit are discussed. The locations of chiasmata and label exchanges are in broad agreement.     

Sequence of DNA Replication in Allium Fistulosum Chromosomes During S-phase

Bromodeoxyuridine pulse labelling and immunodetection were applied to synchronized Allium fistulosum cells to study sequential changes in the chromosome replication pattern during S-phase. The replication patterns were classified into five main types depending on the location of the replication signals: (1) over the whole chromosomes; (2) at proximal and interstitial regions; (3) at proximal, interstitial and distal regions; (4) at interstitial and distal regions; and (5) at distal regions. The frequencies of each pattern changed sequentially according to the timing of BrdU incorporation, demonstrating the temporal order of chromosome replication during S-phase. The distal regions that correspond to the major C-bands replicated throughout S-phase except for the earliest stage, but most intensely in late S-phase. The replication time of different chromosome sites overlapped, which is quite different from the biphasic mode of replication tha t occurs in mammalian chromosomes.     

伪膜性结肠炎的中医药治疗

目的 :探讨伪膜性结肠炎的中草药治疗效果及安全性。方法 :用艰难梭菌毒素 A& B检测对腹泻患者进行病原性确定 ,采用大蒜汁辅以清热燥湿方剂进行调治 ,每周 1次艰难梭菌毒素 A& B连续检测观察疗效。结果 :1周内临床症状消失率 64.1% (2 5/3 9)、艰难梭菌毒素 A& B转阴率 46.2 % (18/3 9) ,2周内累计临床症状消失率 87.2 % (3 4 /3 9)、艰难梭菌毒素 A& B转阴率 89.7% (3 5/3 9) ,3周内累计临床症状消失率 10 0 .0 % (3 9/3 9)、艰难梭菌毒素 A& B转阴率 97.4% (3 8/3 9) ,艰难梭菌毒素 A& B转阴者连续二次检测无复发。结论 :中草药大蒜汁辅以清热燥湿方剂治疗伪膜性结肠炎用药安全 ,疗效好     

大蒜液室内空气消毒效果的观察

目的：观察新鲜大蒜液对室内空气喷雾的消毒效果。方法：采用自然沉降法，用4种剂量的大蒜液对室内空气进行喷雾消毒，并在不同时间段．取空气样本作细(真)菌总数比较。结果：4种剂量的大蒜液对室内空气喷雾消毒均有显著的杀菌效用。结论：用新鲜大蒜液喷雾消毒是室内空气消毒的有效方法。     

Antihyperlipidemic activity of Allium chinense bulbs

Allium chinense is a medicinal plant and nutritional food commonly used in Eastern Asia. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity (scavenging of α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical, total phenol content, reducing power, and total antioxidant activity) and constituents of various extracts from A. chinense. Moreover, we also studied the in vivo hypolipidemic effects of extracts on high-fat-diet Wistar rats. Ethanol extracts from A. chinense showed notable antioxidant activity, and its high-dose essential-oil extract both significantly reduced serum and hepatic total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels and increased serum high-density lipoprotein levels in high-fat-diet Wistar rats compared with those observed following treatment with the control drug probucol. Additionally, visceral fat in high-fat-diet Wistar rats was reduced. Furthermore, groups with high doses of essential-oil and residue extracts showed protective effects associated with histopathological liver alteration. These results suggested that A. chinense is a valuable plant worthy of further investigation as a potential dietary supplement or botanical drug.     

Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of garlic bioactives

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide with hypertension being a major contributing factor to cardiovascular disease–associated mortality. On a population level, non-pharmacological approaches, such as alternative/complementary medicine, including phytochemicals, have the potential to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure. Several epidemiological studies suggest an antihypertensive effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and of many its bioactive components. The aim of this review is to present an in-depth discussion regarding the molecular, biochemical and cellular rationale underlying the antihypertensive properties of garlic and its bioactive constituents with a primary focus on S-allyl cysteine and allicin. Key studies, largely from PubMed, were selected and screened to develop a comprehensive understanding of the specific role of garlic and its bioactive constituents in the management of hypertension. We also reviewed recent advances focusing on the role of garlic bioactives, S-allyl cysteine and allicin, in modulating various parameters implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. These parameters include oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, hydrogen sulfide production, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, expression of nuclear factor–κB and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. This review suggests that garlic and garlic derived bioactives have significant medicinal properties with the potential for ameliorating hypertension and associated morbidity; however, further clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine completely the specific physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in disease prevention and management.     

Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Morphological Surface Analysis of Polymeric Particles Containing Allium sativum Essential Oil

Biodegradable particles were developed using poly-ε-caprolactone and gelatin carriers containing different concentrations of Allium sativum essential oil (EO) (360 µg/mL, 420 µg/mL, and 460 µg/mL). Atomic force microscopy was useful to evaluate the particles’ surface based on morphological parameters. The particles’ size varied from 150 nm to 300 nm. The diameter was related to the increase of the particles’ height as a function of the EO concentration, influencing the roughness of the surface core values (from 20 to 30 nm) and surface irregularity. The spatial parameters Str (texture aspect ratio) and Std (texture direction) revealed low spatial frequency components. The hybrid parameters Sdq (root mean square gradient) and Sdr (interfacial area ratio) also increased as a function of the EO concentration, revealing fewer flat particles. On the other hand, the functional parameters (inverse areal material ratio and peak extreme height) suggested differences in surface irregularities. Higher concentrations of EO resulted in greater microtexture asperity on the particles’ surface, as well as sharper peaks. The nanoscale morphological surface analysis allowed the determination of the most appropriate concentration of encapsulated EO, influencing statistical surface parameters.     

Enzyme Inhibition by Allicin,the Molluscicidal Agent of Allium sativum L. (Garlic)

Allicin, a molluscicidal component of garlic inhibited the activity of acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in in vivo and in vitro exposure against Lymnaea acuminata . It was observed that succinic dehydrogenase activity in the nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata was increased in in vivo treatment whereas with in vitro exposure, allicin caused no significant change in succinic dehydrogenase activity. The inhibition kinetics of these enzymes indicates that allicin caused an uncompetitive inhibition of AChE and a competitive inhibition of LDH and alkaline phosphatase.     

基于系统药理学和分子对接研究薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制

目的通过系统药理学和分子对接方法,对薤白治疗冠心病的作用机制进行研究。方法收集薤白的有效化合物;预测这些化合物对冠心病的作用靶点;对这些靶点进行PPI网络图的构建、GO富集分析和KEGG通路注释分析;将这些化合物与靶点进行分子对接。结果薤白共收集到11个有效化合物,作用于30个冠心病相关靶点。PPI网络图显示ALB、ACE、REN、MMP9、MAPK1、NOS3、F2、MMP2、SELE、PPARG为10个联系最多的靶点。GO富集分析显示出66个生物过程、22个分子功能、11个细胞成分,涉及雌激素反应、凝血、冠脉炎症、RAAS系统、抗氧化、稳定粥样斑块6个方面。KEGG通路注释分析显示出13条通路,其中6条通路与冠心病相关,分别是:Estrogen signaling pathway、PPAR signaling pathway、Complement and coagulation cascades、Renin-angiotensin system、HIF-1 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway。330组分子对接结果显示233组具有较好的结合活性。结论枳实薤白桂枝汤治疗冠心病具有多成分、多靶点的特点,可能通过抗凝血、稳斑块、抗氧化、抗炎症、降血脂、抑制RASS系统、增加NO保护、促进雌激素分泌8个方面发挥治疗冠心病的作用,且Estrogen signaling pathway是薤白作用冠心病的最主要通路。     

The Allium Derivate Propyl Propane Thiosulfinate Exerts Anti-Obesogenic Effects in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Allium species and their organosulfur-derived compounds could prevent obesity and metabolic dysfunction, as they exhibit immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties. Here, we report the anti-obesogenic potential and dose-dependent effects (0.1 or 1 mg/kg/day) of propyl propane thiosulfinate (PTS) in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. The obesogenic diet increased body weight gain and adipocyte size, and boosted inflammatory marker (Cd11c) expression in the adipose tissue. Conversely, PTS prevented these effects in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the higher dose of PTS improved glucose and hepatic homeostasis, modulated lipid metabolism, and raised markers of the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue. In the colon, the obesogenic diet reduced IL-22 levels and increased gut barrier function markers (Cldn3, Muc2, Reg3g, DefaA); however, the highest PTS dose normalized all of these markers to the levels of mice fed a standard diet. Gut microbiota analyses revealed no differences in diversity indexes and only minor taxonomic changes, such as an increase in butyrate producers, Intestimonas and Alistipes, and a decrease in Bifidobacterium in mice receiving the highest PTS dose. In summary, our study provides preclinical evidence for the protective effects of PTS against obesity, which if confirmed in humans, might provide a novel plant-based dietary product to counteract this condition.